食糧　その科学と技術　No.45( )

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1 PCR γ Bacillus subtilis natto Bacillus subtilis

2 Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis 168 γ Insertion sequence γ L D α γ Bacillus Bacillus subtilis Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus anthracis Bacillus megaterium Umamiγ

3 γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ Cap- BCA γ γ comqxpa γ ComX ComX ComP ComP ComP Pi Pi ComA ComA Pi Two component system ComQ ComX ComX DNA

4 γ γ γ ComP ComA comqxpa ComP

5 comqxpa γ ComA γ capbca pgsbca ywscywtab γ ComP ComA capbca cap- BCA γ ComA CapBCA γ comqxpa degs degu degq yvzd/swra degq degq ComX ComQ Bacillus subtilis comx comp N ComX ComX ComX ComX ComX γ γ γ

6 γ capbca pgsbca ywscywtab γ mucoid CapB CapC CapA CapB CapB CapB CapB CapB ADP forming MurD and folyl gamma glutamate ligase family ATP L L D D Mn D CapA CapC CapC γ porecapbca B C A Bacillus anthracis γ D B. anthracis CapBCA T Candela CapD GGT YwrD

ligase family ATP L L D D Mn D CapA CapC CapC γ porecapbca B C

7 cap γ B. subtilis B. licheniformis cap CapD B. anthracis ywtd cap B. subtilis B. licheniformis γ YwtD γ B. anthracis γ D B. anthracis cap γ Ashiuchi L γ Natrilba aegyptiaca γ B. licheniformis Troy ATP transamidation B. anthracis CapD γ

8 Bacillus subtilis γ CapB D D MurD γ γ γ gamma glutamyltransferase GGT γ γ γ GTP γ GTP GGT γ GGT γ N D L GGT γ glutamyl p nitoroanilide Km µm GGT µm µm GGT γ

9 γ mg ml µm GGT γ Km µm µm γ YwrD GGT GGT γ MDa MDa YwrD YwrD γ YwrD GGT γ γ GGT YwrD GGT MDa YwrD γ GGT YwrD γ MDa γ complementation test

10 γ polar effectsggt YwrD γ γ GGT γ γ GGT GGT YwrD γ L L D

11 D L D race yrpc

12 RacE YrpC γ γ GGT YwrDGGT YwrD γ MDa GGT MDa γ GGT YwrD GGT γ γ γ D DD D D D γ γ γ ΦNIT γ PghP PghP γ γ PghP Poly gamma glutamate hydrolase PPghP PghP γ Ackermann PghP PghP

13 γ PghP γ γ PghP γ Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis natto generally accepted as safe Bacillus sub-

14 tilis Tran Phan Lam-Son γ γ Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis natto Quorum DNA DNA

15 N N β K mol LKm IS L D D L D L -L -D L-L-D -L -L-L Kimura, K. and Itoh, Y. Characterization of poly γ glutamate hydrolase encoded by a bacteriophage genome: possible role in phage infection of Bacillus subtilis encapsulated with poly γ glutamate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, (2003). Nagai, T., Koguchi, K., and Itoh, Y., Chemical analysis of poly γ glutamic acid produced by plasmid free Bacillus subtilis (natto): evidence that plas-

infection of Bacillus subtilis encapsulated with poly γ glutamate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

16 mids are not involved in poly γ glutamic acid production. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 43, (1997). Tran, L. S. P., Nagai, T., and Itoh, Y., Divergent structure of the Com- QXPA quorum sensing components: molecular basis of strain specific communication mechanism in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol., 37, (2000). Stanley, N. R. and Lazazzera, B. A., Defining the geneticdifferences between wild and domestic strains of Bacillus subtilis that affect poly γ DL glutamic acid production and biofilm formation. Mol. Microbiol., 57, (2005). Urushibata, Y., Tokuyama, S., and Tahara, Y., Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis ywsc gene, involved in γ polyglutamic acid production. J. Bacteriol., 184, (2002). Kimura,K.,Tran,L. S. P., and Itoh, Y., Roles and regulation of the glutamate racemase isogenes, race and yrpc, in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology, 150, (2004). Candela, T. and Fouet, A., Bacillus anthracis CapD, belonging to the γ glutamyltranspeptidase family, is required for the covalent anchoring of capsule to peptidoglycan. Mol. Microbiol., 57, (2005). Troy, F. A. Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly(γ D glutamyl)capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. I. Properties of the membrane mediated biosynthetic reaction. J. Biol. Chem., 248, (1973). Kimura,K.,Tran,L. S. P., Uchida, I., and Itoh, Y., Characterization of Bacillus subtilis γ glutamyltransferase and its involvement in the degradation of capsule poly γ glutamate. Microbiology, 150, (2004). γ γ Kimura, K., Inatsu, Y., and Itoh, Y., Frequency of the insertion sequence IS4Bsu1 amongbacillus subtilis strains isolated from fermented soybean foods in southeast Asia. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 66, (2002).

and Lazazzera, B. A., Defining the geneticdifferences between wild and domestic strains of Bacillus subtilis that affect poly γ DL glutamic acid production and biofilm formation. Mol. Microbiol.

204 / CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL INDUSTRY Vol.69-1 January 2016 047

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食糧 その科学と技術 No.45( )

食糧　その科学と技術　No.45( )