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1 (Lessons Learned) Lessons Learned (Führer) 1/34

2 ( ) ( ) 2011/3/11 ( ) /34

3 ! KY( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) M9.0 (Frostbite) Body 3/34

4 7000m 8000m (6750m) ( 15 ) ( 80 ) ! 50? 3 ACKU 4/34

5 ACKU (Wilderness) 10cm 5/34

6 ? ( ) 3 N N N!! 3 Y? GPS 6/34

7 (Lessons Learned) ( ) 7/34

8 ACKU 10 ACKU BC 2m 5m!! 8/34

9 OK 2009 (Hypo-thermia) 9/34

10 4 2 10/34

11 mm Lopchin Feng C 2 8mm Fixed rope mm x 3,000m 8mm Fixed Rope 11/34

12 1968 Steele Walsh M 10 m 10 2 ( ) 12/34

13 20M (Rappelling) ( ) 3 ( ) 1810m m 20m 13/34

14 ( ) 150!! 14/34

15 3m! ACKU A A /34

16 3 3 3?? 16/34

17 m I thought you were hit by thunder lightning! You are very lucky. OK (Utah ) 17/34

18 7 (30 40 ) 50m 100m M N 20m M M N M M N M 18/34

19 1/4 Hidden Crevasse 1 3 5m 7m Crevasse 1968 Snow dome hidden crevasse m 3m GPS 2007 GPS GPS 19/34

20 2 20/34

21 ( ) GPS 21/34

22 1974 Sherpi Kangri 3 KY ( ) /34

23 KY ( ) Risk Management ( ) Party Low risk Hazardous condition : 23/34

24 ? 1m (Cornice) Type Type-A Face( ) Type-B Face Scarp( : ) --- Type-C A +B Type-A Type-B Type-C : /34

25 3m (Adz) (Blade) (Pick) Spitz (point) (Adz) (Blade) m (Spitz: :pick--- ) Ratings and standards There are 2 types of CE mark (European standard) for ice axes: B-rated axes are designed for winter hillwalking and glacier walking. They have shafts strong enough to allow use as a belay and are best used on pure ice and snow rather than 25/34

26 mixed ground. T-rated axes are designed for climbing and mountaineering. They are much more heavy duty than B-rated axes. This means that they are strong enough to be used on mixed ground and torqued into iced-up rock cracks. Walking Axe / Mountaineering Axe / Technical Axe ( ) Steikeisen : Y ( ) Y Y : N ( 2009) ACKU ( ) ( ) ? 26/34

27 GPS Face Frostbite Hypothermia 7000m : lost way ( Emergency ) Back-up 27/34

28 crevasse? Bergshcrunt Yukon N ( ) 28/34

29 Anchor-2 Anchor-3 Anchor-1 Mechanical Ascender-A Pulley-1 Lifting Rope Belay rope Pulley-2 Pulley-3 Mechanical Ascender-B Rescue Step 1) Anchor-1 2) Mechanical Ascender-A 3) Set Amchor-2,3 4) Assemble pulley-1,2,3 and M-Ascender-B 5) Lifting Rope setting 29/34

30 Belay rope Anchor Lifting from crevasse Mechanical Ascender-A Mechanical Ascender-B T= (1+ )x (1+ )x (1+ )x W/3 = Pulley Rescuer Victim Sling Schlinge Weight 75kg Tension 48.8kg Sub-rope Rescuer rope -----!!( etc.)?? ---- ( ) ( ) 30/34

31 / Simulation (Key words) Fatal Error Error : (ISO 9001 ) 31/34

32 Do safely Prevent acting automatically. Think of what you are doing. Be self-sufficient; think for yourself and do not rely on thoughts of others. Safety is everyone s responsibility. Test the terrain before doing. Hidden Crevasses rope loop Snow Bridge Fix Rope Setting 8mm rope 6 rope (1968 Alaska Top 6mm ) Ascender 6mm 32/34

33 Fix Rope Belay point 1)--- main rope Belay point-2----fixed rope Lead climber Main rope and pulling fixed rope with pulley. pulley Fix Rope Main Rope Anchor Sherpi Kangri m acclimatization 6500m deterioration 8000m Tactics 500m Camp 5000m 33/34

34 34/34

22 1,936, ,115, , , , , , ,

22 1,936, ,115, , , , , , , 21 * 2 3 1 1991 1945 200 60 1944 No. 41 2016 22 1,936,843 1945 1,115,594 1946 647,006 1947 598,507 1 60 2014 501,230 354,503 5 2009 405,571 5 1 2 2009 2014 5 37,285 1 2 1965 10 1975 66 1985 43 10 3 1990

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