パソコン市場形成期におけるIBMの技術戦略Ver3.doc
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1 1IBM PC 2IBM --- IBM (1) IBM --- IBM (2) 3IBM-PC 4 IBMIBM PC 16 CPU 5 IBM CPU (1) IBM PC 16 CPU (2) (3) (4) IBMIBM-PC (1) CPU (2) ---- (3)
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26 1 Frank Hayes(1999),"100 years of IT",Computerworld,33(14),p.74 IBM PCIBM ("Cobbled together from standardized parts and borrowed ideas, the PC enjoyed instant success because of IBM's brand name. ) 2 Hewlett-PackardXerox P.Freiberger, M.Swaine (1984),Fire in the Valley, McGraw - Hill[ (1985),pp ] Xerox Douglas K. Smith(1988),Fumbling the Future --- How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer, Harpercollins 3 Altair "Popular Electronics "Project Breakthrough! World's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models - the Altair 8800 " " minicomputer kit " " microcomputer kit " microcomputer minicomputer mini DEC mini microcomputer kit [World's first minicomputer kit] "Popular Electronics Altair8800 The Scelbi-8H (1974,CPUIntel 8008Jonathan Titus Mark 8 kit computer 1974,CPUIntel Popular Electronics (1994) TBS,p.41, neophilia.co.jp/aozora/htmlban/gopc.html Computer, IEEE Computer Society, MITS CPU IBM System/360 MITS Intel Frank Delaney (1995), The World's First Commercially Available PC, History Of The Microcomputer Revolution, Micro Technology Associates, 5 James Wallace,Jim Erickson, ,p.111"history Of The Microcomputer Revolution" Segment 5 - The World's First Commercially Available PC, 6 Mark W. Greenia(2001), The History of Computing --- An Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History,New Edition(CD- ROM),Lexikon Services ALTAIR HTM M. Garetz, "Evolution of the Microprocessor", Byte, September, 1985, pp Mark-8 Mark-8 Jonathan Titus J.Titus(1999), The Mark-8 Minicomputer --- Part 4:Jon answers some Questions!, 25
27 8 Leslie Goff(1999), Altair: Another PC milestone,computerworld, Vol.33, Iss.26,p.83 9 KC(1999), MITS Altair 8800,Computer Closet Collection, CPU Computer,IEEE Computer Society,Vol.75 No.2(1975),p.31 4KBDRAM 1KBSRAM I/O I/O TTLR232 TTY octal to binary computer terminal, storage scope 11 Microsoft MITSAltair8800 BASIC Microsoft Altair8800 CPU8080 MicroComputer Software Micro-soft 12 Microsoft BASIC MITS D.Ichbiah, S.L.Knepper(1991),The Making of Microsoft, Prima Publishing,pp (1992),p.64J.Wallace,J.Erickson(1992),Hard Drive, John Wiley & Sons,p.101[ (1992),p.129] MITS BASIC MITS BASIC Altair8800BASIC 1975 Homebrew Computer Club BASIC Bill GatesAltair8800 An Open Letter to Hobbyists BASIC Altair8800 Homebrew Computer Club "Dr. Dobb's Journal" Gates MITSBASIC 150 BASIC 500 BASIC MITS BASIC Dartmouth CollegeJ.G.Kemeny T.E.Kurtz 1964 PDS Public Domain Software GatesAllen IntelCPU8080 GatesAllenBASIC8080 PDP-10 GatesAllenBASIC 26
28 (James Wallace,Jim Erickson(1992),Hard drive : Bill Gates and the making of the microsoft empire, Wiley,p.104 (1992),p.133 ) 13 PDS 1980 NECPC9801 MS-DOS IBM HIGHLIGHTS, , 1.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/ pdf, p.7 15 Tim Jackson(1997), Inside Intel, Diane Plume Book,p.201[ (1997),,p ] MITS MOS Te chnology 6502 PET200 1(CPU6502, 16KB, BASIC) ( D.Ichiban,S. L.Knepper(1992),p.88-89) 19 3,000 D.Ichiban,S.L.Knepper(1992),p.88 RadioSchack TRS80 Model I RadioShack Corporation(2003),"History", hackcorporation.com/about/history.shtml 20 J.Chposky and T.Leonsis (1988), Blue Magic: The People, Power & Politics Behind the IBM PC,Facts on File Publications,p.32 (1989) ---IBM,pp Steven Weyhrich(2002),"Apple II Timeline, ",Apple II History, Appendix B 22 Wozniak Steve Wozniak Part http://ascii24.com/news/columns/10101/article/1998/02/21/ html JobsAppleII
29 23 I.Goldklang(2003), TRS- 80 Model I - Facts / History,Ira Goldklang's TRS- 80 Revived Pages, TRS-80S- 100 $299Expansion Interface 24 Wozniak Letters- General Questions Answered AppleII AppleII VisiCalc AppleII small businessmen the big winner 25 G.Williams and R.Moore(1985),"The Apple Story Part 2:More History and The AppleIII",Byte,Vol.10 No.9,p.174( 26 R.X.Cringely(1992),Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley,p.63[ (1993),,p.106] 27 The Official IMSAI Web Page, IMSAI8080 Joe Killian 28 (1996) NHK,p G.Williams and R.Moore(1985), The Apple Story Part 2:More History and The AppleIII,Byte,Vol.10 No.9,p.174( " Stats and Numbers", COMPUTERWORLD, ( Gartner Dataquest ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/pc/pc_4.html IBM PC P.D.Estridge1982 IBM " The simplest reason is that it represents an opportunity for business. With the explosion that occurred between 1977 and 1979, it became enough of a business to be interesting. " (1996) 1 NHK,p Laton McCartney,"White Paper: Teaching the Elephant to Tap Dance -- The Story Behind The IBM PC",Electronic Engineering Times, ( David A. Fletcher, (1996) 1 NHK,p.248 Lowe IBM 37 D.Bunnell(1982),"Boca Diary: April-May 1982",PC Magazine, ( ) 38 (1996) 1 NHK,p VisiCalc AppleII TRS-80 IBM PC 100AppleVisiCalc 28
30 AppleMarkula R.X.Cringely(1992),Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley,p.72[ (1993),,p.119] VisiCalcIBM PC 40 Robert X. Cringely(2001)"Bill to Linus: You Owe Me", Jack Sams[1980 IBM Microsoft Degital Research IBM PC ] BIOS 1.By being the lowest cost producer of the core system 2.By asserting copyright protection for the bios chip(s). BIOS 3.By quickly offering a series of cheaper, faster, better upward compatible systems and upgrades. 4. By staying out of the PC software development business. 1.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/pcpress.pdf ) 42 THE COMPUTER ,,p.21htt/ AppleII FDD 41 IBM PC ( FDD RAM 48KBROM12KB AppleII $1,195 FDD AppleIII $4.340 $7,800 AppleIII KBRAM $3,495revised model AppleIIIAppleII Wozniak Apple AppleIIAppleIII "market separations" AppleII Wozniak Apple III AppleII 2 Apple II Apple II128KB 80 AppleII AppleIII AppleII AppleIII 1983 $2995 Apple IIIplus 43 S.T. McClellan(1984),The coming Computer Industry Shakeout,Wiley, p
31 (1985),p.317L. J. GOFF(1999),"Technology Flashback : The Rise of Sun " IBM IBM PC P.M.Leghart(1990),IBM s PC Strategies for the 1990s,Computer Technology Research Corp.,p J.Chposky and T.Leonsis (1988), Blue Magic: The People, Power & Politics Behind the IBM PC,Facts on File Publications,p.20 (1989),pp R.X.Cringely(1992),Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley,p.130[ (1993),,p.208] Gates IBM CPM GatesIBM Choosing the 8086, From the Archives: Bill Gates, ( PC Magazine, ) ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/pcpress.pdf 49 David J. Bradley,"THE CREATION OF THE IBM PC",BYTE,SEPTMBER 1990,p David Bunnel, The Man Behind The Machine?,PC Magazine, David Bunnel, The Importance of 16- bits, 51 Tim Jackson(1997), Inside Intel, Diane Plume Book,p.192[ (1997),,p.309] 52 Vol.25,No.1(1984 ),p ,z8000,68000 CPU T.Paterson(1983), An Inside Look at MS-DOS --- The design decisions behind the popular operating system, Byte,19836 ( ) Paterson MS -DOS CP/M-80 translation compatibility translation compatibility8080 Z80 CPU CP/M 8086 M S- DOS The primary design requirement of MS- DOS was CP/M - 80 translation compatibility, meaning that, if an 8080 or Z80 program for CP/M were translated for the 8086 according to Intel's published rules, that program would execute properly under MS-DOS. CP/M-80 translation compatibilityms -DOS (requirement) 8086 CPU (Making CP/M-80 translation compatibility a requirement served to promote rapid development of 8086 software, which, naturally, Seattle Computer was interested in.) CP/M M S-DOS MS-DOS 30
32 54 M S-DOS M S- DOS IBM PC CPU OSCP/M - 86 There was partial success: those software developers who chose to translate their CP/M - 80 programs found that they did indeed run under MS- DOS, often on the first try. Unfortunately, many of the software developers Seattle Computer talked to in the earlier days preferred to simply ignore MS- DOS. Until the IBM Personal Computer was announced, these developers felt that CP/M - 86 would be the operating system of 8086/8088 computers. () API MS-DOSint 21hCP/M - 86 BDOS CALL M S-DOSint 21h( ) 8bit CP/M M S-DOSCP/M BDOS CALL int 21h 55 D.Bayne(2002), Microsoft --- Undeserving of Libertarian Praise, Bill Gates ( ) ---- Windows HeartBeat #10 Windows World IDG Leven AntovL.Antov(1996), History of MS-DOS, many software developers found it easier to port existing CP/M software to DOS than to the new version of CP/M CP/M CP/M MS-DOS 57 J.Battey(2001) "Big Blue birthday: IBM PC turns 20", 58 David J. Bradley,"THE CREATION OF THE IBM PC",BYTE,SEPTMBER 1990,p Jon Titus,"Whence came the IBM PC?",Test & Measurement World, ( ) 60 Tim Jackson(1997), Inside Intel, Diane Plume Book,p.195[ (1997),,pp ] 61 Intel : 1995p.98, C.H.Ferguson and C.R.Morris(1993), Computer Wars, Times Books,p.25[ (1993),p.41] 63 R.S.Cringely R.S.Cringely 8088 Intel8086 IBM R.X.Cringely(1992),Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley,p.131[ (1993),,pp ] 64 J.Chposky and T.Leonsis (1988), Blue Magic: The People, Power & Politics Behind the IBM PC,Facts on File Publications,p.24 (1989),p.55 URL URL
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