ケインズとナイトと同時代人たち

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1 I Yasuhiro Sakai / John Maynard Keynes, Summer / No.400

2 H Frank H. Knight, the Grandpa of Chicago GHQ practical man

3 II Summer / No.400

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8 Y Economics: An Introductory Analysis 089

9 Alternative Economic Systems 1 ( ) ( 7 ) (1967 ) 1 America leads Russia, but will the gap narrow? 1960 GNP 100GNP Summer / No.400

10 GNP GNP GNP GNP Ph.D. general equilibrium theory

11 5 i=1, 2,..., m j=1, 2,..., n i j Dij Sij the Kakutani point theorem 10 It's so beautiful modern value theory Summer / No.400

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13 1 8 A S 4 4Arrow 1912, Akerlof 1940Stiglitz 1942 Spence 1940 S 5 Sakai A 2 S 1 8= Summer / No.400

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15 = 1920= 1923= 1921= 1921= The Principles of Economics, Summer / No.400

16 A Treatise on Probability

17 Summer / No.400

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19 B Summer / No.400

21 A B B CA C X Y YY X Y Y Z ZX C Summer / No.400

22 Arrow, K.J. and Hahn, F.H General Competitive Analysis, Holden-Day. Arrow, K.J Essays in the Theory of Risk-Bearing, North-Holland. Debreu, G Theory of Value, Wiley. Dobb, M Capitalism: Yesterday and Today, Lawrence & Wishart PHP Keynes, J.M A Treatise on Probability, Macmillan. Knight, F.H Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Univ. of Chicago Press Lorenz, E.N The Essence of Chaos, Univ. of Washington Press. Marshall, A Principles of Economics, Macmillan. McKenzie, L On equilibrium in Graham s model of world trade and other competitive system, Econometrica, Vol McKenzie, L On the existence of general equilibrium for a competitive market, Economerica, Vol Poincaré, Henri Science et Méthode Samuelson, Paul 1967 Economics: An Introductory Analysis (7th edition) Sardar, Z. and Abrams, I Introducing Chaos, Icon Books. Sen, Amartya 1987 On Ethics and Economics, Blackwell Publishers

23 Skidelsky, R Keynes: The Return of the Master, Peters Fraser & Dunlop Group NHK 2010 Taleb, N. N The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, Random House Von Neumann, J. and Morgenstern, O The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton Univ. Press. = Walras, L Eléments d'economie politique pure, ou Theorie dela richesse sociale, Lausanne et Paris Weber, Max 1920 Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie, Bd. 1, Summer / No.400

24 J.M. Keynes, F.H. Knight and their Contemporaries Thinking of the Unthinkable Yasuhiro Sakai As the saying goes, we can learn new lessons from old teachings. This paper aims to give critical assessment of J. M. Keynes ( ) and F. H. Knight ( ), two great economists on probability and uncertainty. It is quite remarkable to see that there are many contemporaries of outstanding achievement in the Keynes-Knight era: A. Marshall ( ), H. Poincaré ( ), M. Weber ( ), Soseki Natsume ( ), Torahiko Terada ( ), and A. Einstein ( ). While these men are somewhat different in personality and research field, there is one thing in common: They are all deep thinkers of unthinkable phenomena such as bubbles, chance, chaos, complexity, crisis, earthquakes, hazards, and sufferings. In the light of the history of economic thought, we understand that some economists may be micro-oriented or macro-oriented whereas others may be concerned with certainty or uncertainty. We find it quite convenient to classify all the economists from the time of Adam Smith to the present day into the following four groups. They are:(1)micro and certainty, (2)macro and certainty, (3)macro and uncertainty, and (4)micro and uncertainty. In my opinion, the first group is represented by L. W. McKenzie, an authority in general equilibrium theory and incidentally my mentor at Rochester; and the second one by Karl Marx, the founder of the Marxian school. The third group is led by J. M. Keynes, perhaps the greatest economist of the 20th century and the originator of the Keynesian school; and the fourth one by F.H. Knight, the grandfather of the original Chicago school. According to Torahiko Terada, a famous scientist and essayist, natural disasters will return when they are out of people s memory. Likewise, academic geniuses will return before old heroes are out of our scene. At the beginning of the 21st century, it is quite regrettable that neither Keynes nor Knight is in sight. We need a Keynes or a Knight in order to establish a new, synthetic social science, thus combining economics, psychology, history, biology, physics, and other related fields. J.M. Keynes, F.H. Knight and their Contemporaries Yasuhiro Sakai 105

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_Œkž−01 25 40 1 Hojo Yusaku 2 In this small article, by entitling it The System of the Theory of Neo-Economic Geography I deal with, first of all, the summary of the theory system of Joseph Alois Schumpeter, secondly,