09‘o’–

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しじんうるしはた
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1 Gerald Graff s Method of Teaching Writing to First-Year College Students: Toward an Argument Culture IZUMI, Junji Abstract It is not easy to teach today s college students how to argue. Building on over 40 years of experience, Gerald Graff proposed to teach argument as conversation. This paper examines the theory and practice of Graff s argument education with reference to Mikhail Bakhtin s dialogism, according to which dialogue as a chain of utterances prevails in any text. According to Graff, an effective way to teach students academic writing is to let them incorporate others speech into their own texts. In order to make students writing dialogic, they must be presented with criticism as a model of argument and asked to summarize the criticism and to respond to it. From a linguistic perspective, this type of academic writing is characterized by a mixture of academic discourse with the writer s own discourse, as well as an echo of an authoritative voice in combination with the writer s own. Thus, this practice is related to Bakhtin s notions of heteroglossia and doublevoicing in modern European novels, and to the use of folk languages in medieval literature

2 argument dialogue criticism quotation heteroglossia 1980 E D Gerald Graff

3 First-Year Writing They Say/I Say Clueless in Academe 161

6 17 18 So what?

7 Although I grant that, I still maintain that. Proponents of X are right to argue that. But they exaggerate when they claim that Who cares?

8 Bacon, p

10 42 New York Times 43 They Say/I Say

11 I. a. b. c. 51 he argues (or contends, maintains, etc.)

13 60 bridge discourse

14 66 67 diglossia

16 CM 78 Always historicize! What really means is. Ultimately, then, my goal is to demonstrate that

17 86 Teach conflict

18 Gerad Graff, Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures the Life of the Mind. Yale UP., 2005, p.6 2 Ibid., p.1 3 Ibid., pp Ibid., p.38 5 Ibid., p Ibid., pp Ibid., p.30 8 Ibid., p Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein, They Say/I Say: The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing. Second Edition, Norton. 2010, p. xvi 10 Graff, op cit., p.4 11 Ibid., p Ibid., p word discourse speech language 14 Graff, op cit., p Graff, op. cit., p Graft, op cit., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Graff and Birkenstein, op. cit. p Graff, op. cit, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p

19 32 Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid. 36 Ibid., pp Ibid Graff, op. cit., p Graff and Birkenstein, op. cit., p. xvii 45 Graff, op. cit., p Graff, op. cit., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Dialogic Imagination (University of Texas Press, 1981, pp ) diversity of social speech heteroglossia Graff, op. cit. p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Graff, op. cit., p Ibid Graff, op. cit. pp Ibid., p

20 77 Ibid. 78 Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Graff and Birkenstein, op. cit., p Graff, op. cit., p Gerald Graff, Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revialize American Education, Norton Gerald Graff

Vol. 5, 29 39, 2016 Good/Virtue actions for competitive sports athlete Actions and Choices that receive praise Yo Sato Abstract: This paper focuses on

Vol. 5, 29 39, 2016 Good/Virtue actions for competitive sports athlete Actions and Choices that receive praise Yo Sato Abstract: This paper focuses on actions taken by athletes in competitive sports, building