MRI ガイド下生検 安全に行うには 戸崎光宏 亀田メディカルセンター 乳腺センター / 乳腺科 Summary MRI-guided Breast Biopsy : To Do Safely Mitsuhiro Tozaki, M. D. Magnetic resonance imaging (M

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1 MRI ガイド下生検 安全に行うには 戸崎光宏 亀田メディカルセンター 乳腺センター / 乳腺科 Summary MRI-guided Breast Biopsy : To Do Safely Mitsuhiro Tozaki, M. D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast is becoming increasingly useful for detection, diagnosis and treatment planning in patients with breast cancer. Although breast MRI has shown diagnostic sensitivity of 94 to 99% for invasive breast cancer, varying levels of specificity have been reported (37 to 97%). Because of the limited specificity of MRI, minimal invasive biopsy is required for MR-only visible suspicious lesions that cannot be identified on mammography or ultrasonography (US). Therefore, MRI-guided biopsy is widely performed in the United States and Europe in order to avoid unnecessary surgical biopsy. In the American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography, the ability to perform MRI-guided biopsy is absolutely essential to offering screening MRI, as many breast cancers will be identified only on MRI. Moreover, the recently published breast MRI guidelines from the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) indicate that since breast MRI will always yield MR-only visible questionable lesions that require an MR-guided intervention for clarification, MRI should only be offered by institutions that can also offer a MRI-guided breast biopsy or that are in close contact with a site that can perform this type of biopsy for these patients. However, breast coils and devices for performing MRI-guided biopsies have not yet become commercially available in Japan. Japan has a larger number of MRI systems that any other industrialized nation, but in terms of breast MRI, it has lagged behind. One reason is the severe shortage of physicians well versed in breast MRI. We have a wealth of experience in the early detection of breast cancer that would not be possible without MRI. Our hospital is the only hospital in Japan that performs MRI-guided biopsies. We consider that this technique must be spread quickly throughout Japan, as it is already considered essential in Europe and the United States. In this article, we discuss the necessity for MRI-guided biopsy to become more widely available in Japan. Breast Center, Kameda Medical Center はじめに 解説する 乳房 MRIの乳癌の検出率は マンモグラフィおよび超音波を圧倒的に凌駕している そのため 欧米ではMRI でしか検出し得ない病変 (MRI-detected lesion) に対して MRIガイド下生検が普及してきた 一方 わが国では MRIガイド下生検の保険適応が認められていないこともあり デバイスの供給が海外よりも遅れている しかし 近年の乳房 MRIの普及に伴い わが国でもMRIガイド下生検の必要性が議論されるようになってきた 本稿では MRIガイド下生検 特にMRIガイド下吸引式生検 (vacuum-assisted biopsy:vab) の手技の実際について MRI-guided VABの必要性 : 基礎知識乳房 MRIの乳癌の感度は高いが (94 99%) 特異度は報告によりさまざまである (37 86%) 特異度を向上させるためには 形態の詳細な評価と病変の造影パターンを組み合わせることが必要であるが 疑わしいと判断した病変には組織診断が必要となる 組織診断は超音波ガイド下生検が最も簡便であり 超音波で描出困難な症例は他の画像ガイド下生検となる しかし マンモグラフィや超音波で所見がないMRI- 日獨医報第 55 巻第 2 号 (2010) 121(217)

2 detected lesion に対しては MRI ガイド下生検の適応と なる 1) 欧米では MRI-guided localization と MRI ガイド 下生検に関する研究が 1994 年から盛んに行われ さま ざまな手技やデバイスの開発 そして高い成功率 (95 100%) 2-7) が報告されてきた そして 2008 年の欧州ガ イドラインでは 乳房 MRI でしかみつけることができな い乳癌の存在が強調され MRI ガイド下生検が必須であ ることが明記された 8) つまり MRI ガイド下生検を施 行できる施設でのみ乳房 MRI 検査を行うべきであるとい う内容が記され 非常にインパクトが強いものである Mass lesion Category 5 Spiculated margin Irregular lesion : rapid-washout pattern and rim enhancement Category 4b Irregular lesion Smooth margin : washout pattern Smooth margin : non-washout and initial rapid rise Smooth margin :neither washout nor initial rapid rise Nonmass lesion Category 5 Segmental distribution and clustered ring enhancement Category 4b Segmental distribution Branching-ductal pattern Clustered ring enhancement Clumped architecture Linear-ductal pattern Not showing the characteristics of category 4 or 5 Focus (less than 5mm) Rapid-washout pattern 表 1 当院での MRI カテゴリー分類 Without rapid-washout pattern MRI-guided VAB: 当院での読影と成績 MRI ガイド下生検の対象症例は MRI にて偶然みつ かる病変である MRI の診断方法 特にカテゴリー分類 が非常に重要になってくる 当院で行っている診断方法 ( カテゴリー分類 ) 9) を表 1 に示す 当院では aiming device( 図 1) を導入し 倫理委員会 の承認のもと 2007 年 5 月から MRI-guided VAB を施行し てきた 10) わが国で薬事承認されている MRI ガイド下生 検用のデバイスは 当時はこの aiming device だけであっ たが 現在は各社からコイルやデバイスが薬事承認され てきている 当院での初期報告では 30 例中 8 例 (27%) が乳癌であ り 11) 現在 135 例でも約 1/3 が乳癌症例である すなわち MRI だけでしか検出できない乳癌の頻度は 欧米と比較 し決して少なくないことがわかってきた MRI-guided VAB の手技 : デバイス MRI ガイド下生検には 乳房を圧迫する圧迫板が必須 である ピラー型とグリッド型の 2 種類がある グリッ ド型は 乳房の内側もしくは外側に 患者テーブルに垂 直にグリッドを設置する方法で米国では最も一般的であ る 古くから開発され簡便な手法であるが グリッドの 格子状構造の背側が dead space になる 水平方向のアプ 乳房圧迫板 Aiming device 図 1 Aiming device(siemens 社製 ) 穿刺角度を入力すると, 病変までの距離をコンピューターが測定してくれることから aiming device と呼ばれている.VAB デバイスを固定できるのは, わが国ではこの aiming device だけである. 122(218)

3 ローチのみで角度がつけられない 胸壁に近い病変はアプローチが困難 などの欠点がある 一方 ピラー型はグリッド型生検の欠点を克服するために改良されたデバイスである グリッドの格子状構造のdead spaceが少なくなり さらに穿刺に角度がつけられる また バーと穿刺ルートが重なった場合 穿刺に角度をつけることでバーをさけて生検が可能である 欧米では 簡便である点からグリッド型が汎用しているが さまざまな理由からピラー型での生検が便利である また 組織採取に関してはVABデバイスを固定する方法とフリーハンドで行う方法がある わが国では VABデバイスを固定する備品の薬事が未承認であるため フリーハンドにて生検を行うことも可能である 12) ( 図 2) しかし 固定したほう方が正確に穿刺でき 特に皮膚から病変までの距離が遠い症例では固定して穿刺することが望まれる VABデバイスを固定できるのも わが国ではこのaiming deviceだけである われわれは 最新の 4チャンネルBI Breast Coil(biopsy and routine breast imaging Siemens 社製 ) と 欧州で使用されてきた最も古いaiming device 5) との新旧の組み合わせの手技を好んで用いている ( 図 3) 穿刺の角度を自由につけられることから 胸壁や腋窩に近い病変でもアプローチが可能である また 病変の位置は指定した角度を入力するとコンソール上で自動測定される MRI-guided VABの手技 : 安全に行うには MRIガイド下生検を安全に行うには 技師や看護師の協力体制が必須である そして それぞれの役割分担を十分に認識することが重要である 各デバイスの特徴を理解し ( 図 4 6) どのタイプのデバイスが最も適しているかなどを 生検前にスタッフ全員で検討する必要がある 特に ポジショニングや生検ができない領域 ( 死角 ) の 図 2 ピラー型の乳房圧迫板 (Invivo 社製 ) フリーハンドでの MRI ガイド下生検. 図 3 ピラー型の乳房圧迫板 (Siemens 社製 ) 最新の 4 チャンネル BI Breast Coil(biopsy and routine breast imaging,siemens 社製 ) と aiming device と組み合わせた MRI ガイド下生検. 123(219)

4 基準用マーカー 圧迫板 コイル スペーサー ( 圧迫板が穿刺の妨げになる場合に使用 ) 図 4 生検前のファントム実験 MRI ガイド下生検用デバイスの特徴を理解することが大切である. 穿刺可能域 死角 図 5 生検前のファントム実験生検用デバイスには個々の特徴があり, 生検が不可能な 死角 があることに注意を要する. 図 6 生検前のファントム実験乳頭側は圧迫が不可能で, 穿刺も困難である. 念入りなファントム実験が重要である. 124(220)

5 A ストレッチャー 図 7 生検時に必要な備品 B 救急カート C 酸素モニター MR 室に対応したストレッチャー, 救急カートなど, 急変時に対する備えが必要である. A B C 把握は非常に重要であり 念入りなファントム実験が必要である また 救急カート ( 図 7) など 血管撮影室と同様の準備が基本となる まとめ MRIガイド下生検は 欧米では必須であると認識されている わが国においても 安全に速やかに広めていかなければならない そのためには 生検用デバイスや手技の正しい知識を獲得し それをチーム全体で共有することが大切である 参考文献 1)Heywang-Köbrunner SH,Sinnatamby R,Lebeau A,et al, Consensus Group:Interdisciplinary consensus on the uses and technique of MR-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VAB);results of a European consensus meeting.eur J Radiol,2008 Aug 23 [Epub ahead of print] 2)Heywang-Köbrunner SH,Heinig A,Schaumloeffel-Schulze U,et al:mr-guided percutaneous excisional and incisional biopsy of breast lesions.eur Radiol 9: ,1999 3)Morris EA,Liberman L,Dershaw DD,et al:preoperative MR imaging-guided needle localization of breast lesions. Am J Roentgenol 178: ,2002 4)Kuhl CK,Morakkabati N,Leutner CC,et al:mr imagingguided large-core (14-gauge)needle biopsy of small lesions visible at breast MR imaging alone.radiology 220:31-39, )Prat X,Sittek H,Baath L,et al:european quadricentric evaluation of a breast MR biopsy and localization device; technical improvements based on phase-i evaluation.eur Radiol 12: ,2002 6)Perlet C,Heinig A,Prat X,et al:multicenter study for the evaluation of a dedicated biopsy device for MR-guided vacuum biopsy of the breast.eur Radiol 12: ,2002 7)Perlet C,Heywang-Köbrunner SH,Heinig A,et al:magnetic resonance-guided,vacuum-assisted breast biopsy;results from a European multicenter study of 538 lesions.cancer 106: ,2006 8)Mann RM,Kuhl CK,Kinkel K,et al:breast MRI;guidelines from the European Society of Breast Imaging.Eur Radiol 18: ,2008 9)Tozaki M,Fukuma E: 1 H MR spectroscopy and diffusionweighted imaging of the breast;are they useful tools for characterizing breast lesions prior to biopsy? Am J Roentgenol 193: , )Tozaki M,Yamashiro N,Fukuma E:MR-guided vacuumassisted breast biopsy using a non-titanium needle.magn Reson Med Sci 6: , )Tozaki M,Yamashiro N,Suzuki T,et al:mr-guided vacuumassisted breast biopsy;is it an essential technique? Breast Cancer, 2008 Sep 20[Epub ahead of print] 12) 戸崎光宏 :Handheld portable biopsy systemを用いたmriガイド下生検の経験. 日磁医誌 29: , (221)

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