6-1

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1 6-1

2 (data type) 6-2

3 6-3

4 ML, Haskell, Scala Lisp, Prolog (setq x 123) (+ x 456) (setq x "abc") (+ x 456) ; 6-4

5 ( ) subtype INDEX is INTEGER range ; type DAY is (MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN); subtype WEEKDAY is DAY range MON..FRI; type YEAR is new INTEGER; Java 5 Generics (parameterized types) 6-5

6 Java 5 Generics Java 2 ArrayList Object ArrayList list = new ArrayList(); list.add(new Integer(123)); Integer x = (Integer)list.get(0); /* cast */ Java 5 ArrayList ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); list.add(new Integer(123)); Integer x = list.get(0); /* cast */ 6-6

7 (primitive types) (enum) (aggregate types) ( struct) ( union) 6-7

8 C Java Java Unicode C if (0 < x < 9) (enum) C Java 5 typesafe 6-8

9 C enum enum day { MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN }; int main() { enum day d; int x; d = SUN; x = SUN; /* */ printf("%d\n", d); /* 6 */ } Java 5 enum Day { MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN }; public static void main(string[] args) { Day d; int x; d = Day.SUN; x = Day.SUN; /* */ System.out.println(d); /* SUN */ } 6-9

10 Pascal type a = array [-5..5] of integer; type b = array [MON..FRI] of integer; C Java C (sizeof ) int a[size]; p = a; /* p = &a[0] */ 6-10

11 C ( ) nul ( \0 ) Java 6-11

12 C (struct) struct t { int i; float f; int a[size]; }; struct t s; struct t *p; s.i = 123; s.a[0] = 456; p = &s; p->i = 123; /* p->i (*p).i */ p->a[0] = 456; 6-12

13 (1) C (union) union t { int i; float f; }; union t u; u.i = 123; printf("%d\n", u.i); printf("%f\n", u.f); /* */ 6-13

14 (2) enum tag { TAG_INT, TAG_FLOAT }; struct t { enum tag tag; union { int i; float f; } value; } s; s.tag = TAG_INT; s.value.i = 123; if (s.tag == TAG_INT) { printf("%d\n", s.value.i); } 6-14

15 (1) Pascal 1 Pascal type COLOR = set of (RED, GREEN, BLUE); var C, C1, C2: COLOR; C1 := [RED,GREEN]; C2 := [GREEN,BLUE]; C := C1 + C2; /* */ C := C1 * C2; /* */ C := C1 - C2; /* */ if RED in C1 then /* */...; 6-15

16 (2) C enum { RED=01, GREEN=02, BLUE=04 }; int c1, c2, c3; c1 = RED GREEN; c2 = GREEN BLUE; c = c1 c2; /* */ c = c1 & c2; /* */ c = c1 & ~c2; /* */ if ((RED & c1)!= 0) /* */...; 6-16

17 (1) Lisp (car x): x (cdr x): x (cons x y): y x 6-17

18 (2) (setq x (a (b c) d)) (car x) ; a (cdr x) ; ((b c) d) (cdr (cdr x)) ; (d) (cdr (cdr (cdr x))) ; () (car (cdr x)) ; (b c) (cons e x) ; (e a (b c) d) (car (cons e x)) ; e (cdr (cons e x)) ; (a (b c) d) 4600 Scheme 6-18

19 C (dangling pointer) char *readline() { char buffer[1000]; fgets(buffer, 1000, stdin); return buffer; } 6-19

20 C Lisp (defun inc (x) (+ x 1)) (mapcar inc (1 2 3)) => (2 3 4) (mapcar (lambda (x) (- x 1)) (1 2 3)) => (0 1 2) Scheme (define (make-func y) (lambda (x) (+ x y))) (define func (make-func 1)) (func 123) =>

21 (1) (monomorphic) (polymorphic) (ad-hoc polymorphism) (generic polymorphism) 6-21

22 (2) (overloading) + (inheritance polymorphism) (subtype) (supertype) 6-22

23 (3) (parametric polymorphism) C++ template Java generics 6-23

24 (1) Java 5 List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); list.add(new Integer(123)); Integer x = list.get(0); /* cast */ Iterator<Integer> iter = list.iterator(); while (iter.hasnext()) { Integer y = iter.next(); /* cast */ } Map<String,Integer> map = new HashMap<String,Integer>(); map.put("abc", new Integer(456)); Integer z = map.get("abc"); 6-24

25 (2) Java 5 class Pair<T1,T2> { T1 first; T2 second; public Pair(T1 f, T2 s) { first = f; second = s; } public T1 first() { return first; } } public T2 second() { return second; } Pair<String,Integer> pair = new Pair<String,Integer>("abc", new Integer(123)); String x = pair.first(); 6-25

26 (1) (encapsulation) C Java public private 6-26

27 (2) push, pop 6-27