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3 30 ( ) 30.1 : S g = 1 d 4 x R 16πG G R g µν = det g R 2 S g = 1 d 4 x B, B = Γ ρ ρµγ µσ σ Γ λ µνγ µν λ 16πG ( ) Γ λµν = 1 2 ( λg µν + ν g λµ + µ g νλ ) g µν η µν = diag(1, 1, 1, 1) µν h µν : g µν = η µν + h µν. g µν h µν 2 h µν 3
4 B B = 1 4 λh µν λ h µν 1 4 µh µ h µh ν h µν 1 2 µh λ ν λ h µν h = h µ µ f µν = h µν 1 2 η µνh f µν f = f µ µ = h B h µν = f µν 1 2 η µνf B = 1 4 λf µν λ f µν 1 8 µf µ f 1 2 µf λ ν λ f µν = 1 + ( 1 ) S g = 1 16πG d 4 x ( 1 4 λf µν λ f µν 1 8 µf µ f 1 2 µf λ ν λ f µν 1 S g = d 4 x (2η µρ η νσ η µν η ρσ ) η αβ α f µν β f ρσ 128πG 1 d 4 x η ρσ µ f µρ ν f νσ + S I 32πG S I f µν 3 ) 30.2 µ f µν = 0 S f = 1 d 4 x η ρσ µ f µρ ν f νσ 32πG 4
5 S c : S g = S g + S f + S c 1 = d 4 x (2η µρ η νσ η µν η ρσ ) η αβ α f µν β f ρσ + S I + S c. 128πG S g S g = i d 4 xd 4 y f µν (x)k µν,ρσ (x, y)f ρσ (y) + S I + S c, 2 K µν,ρσ (x, y) = i 64πG (η µρη νσ + η µσ η νρ η µν η ρσ ) x δ 4 (x y) K µν,ρσ (x, y) ( ) µν,ρσ (x, y) d 4 y K µν,ρσ (x, y) ρσ,αβ (y, z) = δµν αβ δ 4 (x z), δµν ρσ = 1 ( δ ρ 2 µ δν σ + δµδν) σ ρ δµν ρσ : A µν = A νµ δ ρσ µνa ρσ = A µν, δµν ρσ = δµν σρ = δνµ ρσ = δ ρσ µν iɛ µν,ρσ (x, y) = 16πG ( η µρ η νσ +η µσ η νρ η µν η ρσ) d 4 k i e ik (x y) (2π) 4 k 2 + iɛ 30.3 φ(x) m S φ = d 4 x ( ) 1 2 gµν µ φ ν φ m2 2 φ2 5
6 ɛ µνρσ 4 det g = ɛ µνρσ (η µ0 + h µ0 )(η ν1 + h ν1 )(η ρ2 + h ρ2 )(η σ3 + h σ3 ) = 1 h 00 + h 11 + h 22 + h 33 + ( 2 ) = 1 h + ( 2 ) = det g = h + ( 2 ) g µν = η µν h µν + ( 2 ) ( ) 1 S φ = d 4 x 2 ηµν µ φ ν φ m2 2 φ2 + S gφ, S gφ = d 4 x ( 12 hµν µ φ ν φ + 14 ) ηµν h µ φ ν φ m2 4 hφ2 + (4 ) f µν ( S gφ = d 4 x f µν 1 ) 2 µφ ν φ + m2 4 η µνφ 2 + (4 ) 30.4 m 1, m : 6
7 S gφ M = πG (η µρ η νσ +η µσ η νρ η µν η ρσ i ) (p 1 p 3 ) 2 ( i 1 ) ( 2 p 1µp 3ν + m2 1 4 η µν i 1 ) 2 p 2ρp 4σ + m2 2 4 η ρσ = i16πg ( p1 p (p 1 p 3 ) 2 2 p 3 p 4 + p 1 p 4 p 2 p 3 p 1 p 3 p 2 p 4 ) + m 2 2 p 1 p 3 + m 2 1 p 2 p 4 2m 2 1m p µ 1 = (E 1, p) µ, p µ 2 = (E 2, p) µ, p µ 3 = (E 1, p ) µ, p µ 4 = (E 2, p ) µ, E i = θ M = p 2 + m 2 i i4πg ( m 2 p 2 sin 2 (θ/2) 1 m (m 2 1+m 2 2) p 2 + 4(E 1 E 2 + p 2 ) p 2 cos 2 (θ/2) ) dσ dω = 1 64π 2 (E 1 +E 2 ) 2 M 2 = G2( m 2 1m (m 2 1+m 2 2) p 2 + 4(E 1 E 2 + p 2 ) p 2 cos 2 (θ/2) ) 2 4(E 1 +E 2 ) 2 p 4 sin 4 (θ/2) p m i dσ dω = G2 m 2 1m 2 2m 2 4 p 4 sin 4 (θ/2), m = m 1m 2 m 1 +m 2 0 : q 2 1q 2 2m 2 64π 2 p 4 sin 4 (θ/2) q 1 q 2 /(4π) Gm 1 m 2 ( ) 2 7
8 p m i dσ dω = 4G2 p 2 tan 4 (θ/2) G X i (i = 0, 1, 2, 3) i b i µ = Xi x µ (vierbein) 4 (vielbein) : dτ 2 = g µν dx µ dx ν = η ij dx i dx j g µν = η ij b i µb j ν b i µ(x ) = X i X j x ν x µ bj ν(x) A i (x) Ã µ = b i µa i 8
9 η ij, η ij g µν, g µν 30.6 Φ = Φ(x) δφ = Φ Φ = 1 2 ɛ ijs ij Φ ( ɛ ji = ɛ ij, S ji = S ij ) ɛ ij S ij S ij = 0, S ij = γ ij, S ij = M ij. γ ij = 1 4 [ γi, γ j ], (M ij ) kl = η ik δ j l ηjk δ i l, γ i ( ) µ Φ δ µ Φ = µ δφ = 1 2 ɛ ijs ij µ Φ ( µɛ ij )S ij Φ µ ɛ ij : D µ Φ = µ Φ ω ijµs ij Φ, ω jiµ = ω ijµ. ω ijµ D µ Φ Φ : δd µ Φ = 1 2 ɛ ijs ij D µ Φ. : D µ φ = µ φ ( φ ), D µ ψ = µ ψ ω ijµγ ij ψ ( ψ ), D µ A i = µ A i + ω i jµa j D µ A i = µ A i ω j iµa j D µ η ij = D µ η ij = D µ δ i j = 0. ( A i ), ( A i ), 9
10 : D µ g ρσ = D µ (b i ρb iσ ) = 0 D µ b i ν = 0 D µ b i ν = µ b i ν + ω i jµb j ν Γ λ νµb i λ ω ijλ = b i µ b j ν Γ µνλ b j µ λ b iµ i, j : λ g µν = Γ µνλ + Γ νµλ ( ) SO(3, 1) ( 1956) ω ijµ A a µ (ij) a S ij igt a 30.7 ψ(x) : S ψ = d 4 x ( ) i 2 b i µ ψγ i D µ ψ + c.c. m ψψ. c.c. m D µ = µ + (1/2) ω ijµ γ ij b i µ = δ µ i 1 2 hµ i + (2 ), ω ijµ = 1 2 ( ih jµ + j h iµ ) + (2 ) S ψ = d 4 x ( i ψγ µ µ ψ m ψψ ) + S gψ, S gψ = + ( i d 4 x h 4 ψ λ λ ψ i 4 ψγ λ λ ψ m ) 2 ψψ d 4 x h ( µν i 4 ψγ ν µ ψ + i ) 4 ψγ µ ν ψ + (4 ) 10
11 {γ µ, γ νλ } + {γ ν, γ µλ } = 0 f µν S gψ = d 4 x f ( µν i 4 ψγ ν µ ψ + i 4 ψγ µ ν ψ i 8 η ψγ µν λ λ ψ + i 8 η µν λ ψγ λ ψ + m 2 η ψψ ) µν + (4 ) 30.8 m 1, m : M = 16πG (η µρ η νσ +η µσ η νρ η µν η ρσ i ) (p 1 p 3 ) 2 ( i 1 4 p 1µū 3 γ ν u p 3µū 3 γ ν u 1 + m ) 1 4 η µνū 3 u 1 ( i 1 4 p 2ρū 4 γ σ u p 4ρū 4 γ σ u 2 + m ) 2 4 η ρσū 4 u 2 = iπg (p 1 p 3 ) 2 ( (p 1 +p 3 ) (p 2 +p 4 ) ū 3 γ µ u 1 ū 4 γ µ u 2 + ū 3 (/p 2 +/p 4 )u 1 ū 4 (/p 1 +/p 3 )u 2 4m 1 m 2 ū 3 u 1 ū 4 u 2 ) 11
12 u i = u si (p i ), /p i = γ µ p iµ (/p m)u s (p) = 0 (p 1 + p 3 ) µ = (2m 1, 0) µ, (p 2 + p 4 ) µ = (2m 2, 0) µ, ū 3 γ µ u 1 = (2m 1, 0) µ δ s 3 s 1, ū 4 γ µ u 2 = (2m 2, 0) µ δ s 4 s 2, ū 3 u 1 = 2m 1 δ s 3 s 1, ū 4 u 2 = 2m 2 δ s 4 s 2 p, p, θ M = i4πgm2 1m 2 2 p 2 sin 2 (θ/2) δs 3 s 1 δ s 4 s 2 dσ dω = M 2 64π 2 (m 1 +m 2 ) 2 = G2 m 2 1m 2 2m 2 4 p 4 sin 4 (θ/2) δs 3 s 1 δ s 4 s 2 p µ 1 = p (1, 0, 0, 1) µ, p µ 2 = p (1, 0, 0, 1) µ, p µ 3 = p (1, sin θ, 0, cos θ) µ, p µ 4 = p (1, sin θ, 0, cos θ) µ u 1 = { 2 p (1, 0, 0, 0) T 2 p (0, 0, 0, i) T, u 2 = { 2 p (0, i, 0, 0) T 2 p (0, 0, 1, 0) T, u 3 = { 2 p (c, s, 0, 0) T 2 p (0, 0, is, ic) T, u 4 = { 2 p ( is, ic, 0, 0) T 2 p (0, 0, c, s) T, c = cos(θ/2), s = sin(θ/2). u s ( p) = γ 0 u s (p) 2 p (c, s, is, c) µ (s 1 = s 3 = +1) ū 3 γ µ u 1 = 2 p (c, s, is, c) µ (s 1 = s 3 = 1) 0 (s 1 s 3 ), 2 p (c, s, is, c) µ (s 2 = s 4 = +1) ū 4 γ µ u 2 = 2 p (c, s, is, c) µ (s 2 = s 4 = 1) 0 (s 2 s 4 ) 12
13 (p 1 +p 3 ) µ = 2 p (1, sc, 0, c 2 ) µ, (p 2 +p 4 ) µ = 2 p (1, sc, 0, c 2 ) µ i8πg p cos2 (θ/2) sin 2 (s 1 = s 3 = s 2 = s 4 ) (θ/2) M = i8πg p cos2 (θ/2) tan 2 (s 1 = s 3 s 2 = s 4 ) (θ/2) 0 (s 1 s 3 s 2 s 4 ) G 2 p 2 ( cos 2 ) 2 (θ/2) 4 dσ dω = M sin 2 (s 1 = s 3 = s 2 = s 4 ) (θ/2) 2 64π 2 (2 p ) = G 2 p 2 ( 3 + cos 2 ) 2 (θ/2) 2 4 tan 2 (s 1 = s 3 s 2 = s 4 ) (θ/2) 0 (s 1 s 3 s 2 s 4 ) 13
14
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Dirac 38 5 Dirac 4 4 γ µ p µ p µ + m 2 = ( p µ γ µ + m)(p ν γ ν + m) (5.1) γ = p µ p ν γ µ γ ν p µ γ µ m + mp ν γ ν + m 2 = 1 2 p µp ν {γ µ, γ ν } + m
Dirac 38 5 Dirac 4 4 γ µ p µ p µ + m 2 p µ γ µ + mp ν γ ν + m 5.1 γ p µ p ν γ µ γ ν p µ γ µ m + mp ν γ ν + m 2 1 2 p µp ν {γ µ, γ ν } + m 2 5.2 p m p p µ γ µ {, } 10 γ {γ µ, γ ν } 2η µν 5.3 p µ γ µ + mp
Einstein 1905 Lorentz Maxwell c E p E 2 (pc) 2 = m 2 c 4 (7.1) m E ( ) E p µ =(p 0,p 1,p 2,p 3 )=(p 0, p )= c, p (7.2) x µ =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x
7 7.1 7.1.1 Einstein 1905 Lorentz Maxwell c E p E 2 (pc) 2 = m 2 c 4 (7.1) m E ( ) E p µ =(p 0,p 1,p 2,p 3 )=(p 0, p )= c, p (7.2) x µ =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x 3 )=(x 0, x )=(ct, x ) (7.3) E/c ct K = E mc 2 (7.4)
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9 O y O ( O ) O (O ) 3 y O O v t = t = 0 ( ) O t = 0 t r = t P (, y, ) r = + y + (t,, y, ) (t) y = 0 () ( )O O t (t ) y = 0 () (t) y = (t ) y = 0 (3) O O v O O v O O O y y O O v P(, y,, t) t (, y,, t )
1 (Berry,1975) 2-6 p (S πr 2 )p πr 2 p 2πRγ p p = 2γ R (2.5).1-1 : : : : ( ).2 α, β α, β () X S = X X α X β (.1) 1 2
2005 9/8-11 2 2.2 ( 2-5) γ ( ) γ cos θ 2πr πρhr 2 g h = 2γ cos θ ρgr (2.1) γ = ρgrh (2.2) 2 cos θ θ cos θ = 1 (2.2) γ = 1 ρgrh (2.) 2 2. p p ρgh p ( ) p p = p ρgh (2.) h p p = 2γ r 1 1 (Berry,1975) 2-6
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72 Maxwell. Maxwell e r ( =,,N Maxwell rot E + B t = 0 rot H D t = j dv D = ρ dv B = 0 D = ɛ 0 E H = μ 0 B ρ( r = j( r = N e δ( r r = N e r δ( r r = : 2005 ( 2006.8.22 73 207 ρ t +dv j =0 r m m r = e E(
医系の統計入門第 2 版 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. このサンプルページの内容は, 第 2 版 1 刷発行時のものです.
医系の統計入門第 2 版 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. http://www.morikita.co.jp/books/mid/009192 このサンプルページの内容は, 第 2 版 1 刷発行時のものです. i 2 t 1. 2. 3 2 3. 6 4. 7 5. n 2 ν 6. 2 7. 2003 ii 2 2013 10 iii 1987
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[1] convention Minkovski i Polchinski [2] 1 Clifford Spin 1 2 Euclid Clifford 2 3 Euclid Spin 6 4 Euclid Pin + 8 5 Clifford Spin 10 A 12 B 17 1 Clifford Spin D Euclid Clifford Γ µ, µ = 1,, D {Γ µ, Γ ν
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(Compton Scattering) Beaming 1 exp [i (k x ωt)] k λ k = 2π/λ ω = 2πν k = ω/c k x ωt ( ω ) k α c, k k x ωt η αβ k α x β diag( + ++) x β = (ct, x) O O x
Compton Scattering Beaming exp [i k x ωt] k λ k π/λ ω πν k ω/c k x ωt ω k α c, k k x ωt η αβ k α x β diag + ++ x β ct, x O O x O O v k α k α β, γ k γ k βk, k γ k + βk k γ k k, k γ k + βk 3 k k 4 k 3 k
QCD 1 QCD GeV 2014 QCD 2015 QCD SU(3) QCD A µ g µν QCD 1
QCD 1 QCD GeV 2014 QCD 2015 QCD SU(3) QCD A µ g µν QCD 1 (vierbein) QCD QCD 1 1: QCD QCD Γ ρ µν A µ R σ µνρ F µν g µν A µ Lagrangian gr TrFµν F µν No. Yes. Yes. No. No! Yes! [1] Nash & Sen [2] Riemann
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No.2 1 2 2 δs δs = r + δr r = δr (3) δs δs = r r = δr + u(r + δr, t) u(r, t) (4) δr = (δx, δy, δz) u i (r + δr, t) u i (r, t) = u i δx j (5) δs 2 = δx i δx i + 2 u i δx i δx j = δs 2 + 2s ij δx i δx j
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微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです.
微分積分 サンプルページ この本の定価 判型などは, 以下の URL からご覧いただけます. ttp://www.morikita.co.jp/books/mid/00571 このサンプルページの内容は, 初版 1 刷発行時のものです. i ii 014 10 iii [note] 1 3 iv 4 5 3 6 4 x 0 sin x x 1 5 6 z = f(x, y) 1 y = f(x)
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5 c P 5 kn n t π (.5 P 7 MP π (.5 n t n cos π. MP 6 4 t sin π 6 cos π 6.7 MP 4 P P N i i i i N i j F j ii N i i ii F j i i N ii li i F j i ij li i i i
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( ) Note 3 19 12 13 8 8.1 (e ) (µ ) (τ ) ( (ν e,e ) e- (ν µ, µ ) µ- (ν τ,τ ) τ- ) ( ) ( ) (SU(2) ) (W +,Z 0,W ) * 1) 3 * 2) [ ] [ ] [ ] ν e ν µ ν τ e µ τ, e R, µ R, τ R (1a) L ( ) ) * 3) W Z 1/2 ( - )
7 π L int = gψ(x)ψ(x)φ(x) + (7.4) [ ] p ψ N = n (7.5) π (π +,π 0,π ) ψ (σ, σ, σ )ψ ( A) σ τ ( L int = gψψφ g N τ ) N π * ) (7.6) π π = (π, π, π ) π ±
7 7. ( ) SU() SU() 9 ( MeV) p 98.8 π + π 0 n 99.57 9.57 97.4 497.70 δm m 0.4%.% 0.% 0.8% π 9.57 4.96 Σ + Σ 0 Σ 89.6 9.46 K + K 0 49.67 (7.) p p = αp + βn, n n = γp + δn (7.a) [ ] p ψ ψ = Uψ, U = n [ α
( ) ) ) ) 5) 1 J = σe 2 6) ) 9) 1955 Statistical-Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes )
( 3 7 4 ) 2 2 ) 8 2 954 2) 955 3) 5) J = σe 2 6) 955 7) 9) 955 Statistical-Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes 957 ) 3 4 2 A B H (t) = Ae iωt B(t) = B(ω)e iωt B(ω) = [ Φ R (ω) Φ R () ] iω Φ R (t)
1. 1 A : l l : (1) l m (m 3) (2) m (3) n (n 3) (4) A α, β γ α β + γ = 2 m l lm n nα nα = lm. α = lm n. m lm 2β 2β = lm β = lm 2. γ l 2. 3
1. 1 A : l l : (1) l m (m 3) (2) m (3) n (n 3) (4) A 2 1 2 1 2 3 α, β γ α β + γ = 2 m l lm n nα nα = lm. α = lm n. m lm 2β 2β = lm β = lm 2. γ l 2. 3 4 P, Q R n = {(x 1, x 2,, x n ) ; x 1, x 2,, x n R}
Gmech08.dvi
145 13 13.1 13.1.1 0 m mg S 13.1 F 13.1 F /m S F F 13.1 F mg S F F mg 13.1: m d2 r 2 = F + F = 0 (13.1) 146 13 F = F (13.2) S S S S S P r S P r r = r 0 + r (13.3) r 0 S S m d2 r 2 = F (13.4) (13.3) d 2
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38 5 Cauchy.,,,,., σ.,, 3,,. 5.1 Cauchy (a) (b) (a) (b) 5.1: 5.1. Cauchy 39 F Q Newton F F F Q F Q 5.2: n n ds df n ( 5.1). df n n df(n) df n, t n. t n = df n (5.1) ds 40 5 Cauchy t l n mds df n 5.3: t
基礎数学I
I & II ii ii........... 22................. 25 12............... 28.................. 28.................... 31............. 32.................. 34 3 1 9.................... 1....................... 1............
: (a) ( ) A (b) B ( ) A B 11.: (a) x,y (b) r,θ (c) A (x) V A B (x + dx) ( ) ( 11.(a)) dv dt = 0 (11.6) r= θ =
1 11 11.1 ψ e iα ψ, ψ ψe iα (11.1) *1) L = ψ(x)(γ µ i µ m)ψ(x) ) ( ) ψ e iα(x) ψ(x), ψ(x) ψ(x)e iα(x) (11.3) µ µ + iqa µ (x) (11.4) A µ (x) A µ(x) = A µ (x) + 1 q µα(x) (11.5) 11.1.1 ( ) ( 11.1 ) * 1)
(1.2) T D = 0 T = D = 30 kn 1.2 (1.4) 2F W = 0 F = W/2 = 300 kn/2 = 150 kn 1.3 (1.9) R = W 1 + W 2 = = 1100 N. (1.9) W 2 b W 1 a = 0
1 1 1.1 1.) T D = T = D = kn 1. 1.4) F W = F = W/ = kn/ = 15 kn 1. 1.9) R = W 1 + W = 6 + 5 = 11 N. 1.9) W b W 1 a = a = W /W 1 )b = 5/6) = 5 cm 1.4 AB AC P 1, P x, y x, y y x 1.4.) P sin 6 + P 1 sin 45
H 0 H = H 0 + V (t), V (t) = gµ B S α qb e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H 0 + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e ih0t Φ(t) H 0 e ih0t Φ(t) + ie ih0t t Φ(t) = [
3 3. 3.. H H = H + V (t), V (t) = gµ B α B e e iωt i t Ψ(t) = [H + V (t)]ψ(t) Φ(t) Ψ(t) = e iht Φ(t) H e iht Φ(t) + ie iht t Φ(t) = [H + V (t)]e iht Φ(t) Φ(t) i t Φ(t) = V H(t)Φ(t), V H (t) = e iht V (t)e
arxiv: v1(astro-ph.co)
arxiv:1311.0281v1(astro-ph.co) R µν 1 2 Rg µν + Λg µν = 8πG c 4 T µν Λ f(r) R f(r) Galileon φ(t) Massive Gravity etc... Action S = d 4 x g (L GG + L m ) L GG = K(φ,X) G 3 (φ,x)φ + G 4 (φ,x)r + G 4X (φ)
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65 1 1.1 1.1.1 1.1 H H () = E (), (1.1) H ν () = E ν () ν (). (1.) () () = δ, (1.3) μ () ν () = δ(μ ν). (1.4) E E ν () E () H 1.1: H α(t) = c (t) () + dνc ν (t) ν (), (1.5) H () () + dν ν () ν () = 1 (1.6)
1. z dr er r sinθ dϕ eϕ r dθ eθ dr θ dr dθ r x 0 ϕ r sinθ dϕ r sinθ dϕ y dr dr er r dθ eθ r sinθ dϕ eϕ 2. (r, θ, φ) 2 dr 1 h r dr 1 e r h θ dθ 1 e θ h
IB IIA 1 1 r, θ, φ 1 (r, θ, φ)., r, θ, φ 0 r
変 位 変位とは 物体中のある点が変形後に 別の点に異動したときの位置の変化で あり ベクトル量である 変位には 物体の変形の他に剛体運動 剛体変位 が含まれている 剛体変位 P(x, y, z) 平行移動と回転 P! (x + u, y + v, z + w) Q(x + d x, y + dy,
変 位 変位とは 物体中のある点が変形後に 別の点に異動したときの位置の変化で あり ベクトル量である 変位には 物体の変形の他に剛体運動 剛体変位 が含まれている 剛体変位 P(x, y, z) 平行移動と回転 P! (x + u, y + v, z + w) Q(x + d x, y + dy, z + dz) Q! (x + d x + u + du, y + dy + v + dv, z +
1 8, : 8.1 1, 2 z = ax + by + c ax by + z c = a b +1 x y z c = 0, (0, 0, c), n = ( a, b, 1). f = n i=1 a ii x 2 i + i<j 2a ij x i x j = ( x, A x), f =
1 8, : 8.1 1, z = ax + by + c ax by + z c = a b +1 x y z c = 0, (0, 0, c), n = ( a, b, 1). f = a ii x i + i
SO(3) 7 = = 1 ( r ) + 1 r r r r ( l ) (5.17) l = 1 ( sin θ ) + sin θ θ θ ϕ (5.18) χ(r)ψ(θ, ϕ) l ψ = αψ (5.19) l 1 = i(sin ϕ θ l = i( cos ϕ θ l 3 = i ϕ
SO(3) 71 5.7 5.7.1 1 ħ L k l k l k = iϵ kij x i j (5.117) l k SO(3) l z l ± = l 1 ± il = i(y z z y ) ± (z x x z ) = ( x iy) z ± z( x ± i y ) = X ± z ± z (5.118) l z = i(x y y x ) = 1 [(x + iy)( x i y )
m(ẍ + γẋ + ω 0 x) = ee (2.118) e iωt P(ω) = χ(ω)e = ex = e2 E(ω) m ω0 2 ω2 iωγ (2.119) Z N ϵ(ω) ϵ 0 = 1 + Ne2 m j f j ω 2 j ω2 iωγ j (2.120)
2.6 2.6.1 mẍ + γẋ + ω 0 x) = ee 2.118) e iωt Pω) = χω)e = ex = e2 Eω) m ω0 2 ω2 iωγ 2.119) Z N ϵω) ϵ 0 = 1 + Ne2 m j f j ω 2 j ω2 iωγ j 2.120) Z ω ω j γ j f j f j f j sum j f j = Z 2.120 ω ω j, γ ϵω) ϵ
chap9.dvi
9 AR (i) (ii) MA (iii) (iv) (v) 9.1 2 1 AR 1 9.1.1 S S y j = (α i + β i j) D ij + η j, η j = ρ S η j S + ε j (j =1,,T) (1) i=1 {ε j } i.i.d(,σ 2 ) η j (j ) D ij j i S 1 S =1 D ij =1 S>1 S =4 (1) y j =
Part () () Γ Part ,
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20 11 1 KEK 2 (cosmological perturbation theory) CMB R. Durrer, The theory of CMB Anisotropies, astro-ph/0109522; A. Liddle and D. Lyth, Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure (Cambridge University
. ev=,604k m 3 Debye ɛ 0 kt e λ D = n e n e Ze 4 ln Λ ν ei = 5.6π / ɛ 0 m/ e kt e /3 ν ei v e H + +e H ev Saha x x = 3/ πme kt g i g e n
003...............................3 Debye................. 3.4................ 3 3 3 3. Larmor Cyclotron... 3 3................ 4 3.3.......... 4 3.3............ 4 3.3...... 4 3.3.3............ 5 3.4.........
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1 X 1 X 1 1.1.............................. 1 1.2.................................. 3 1.3........................ 3 2 4 2.1.................................. 6 2.2 n ( )............. 6 3 7 3.1 ( ).....................
20 4 20 i 1 1 1.1............................ 1 1.2............................ 4 2 11 2.1................... 11 2.2......................... 11 2.3....................... 19 3 25 3.1.............................
φ s i = m j=1 f x j ξ j s i (1)? φ i = φ s i f j = f x j x ji = ξ j s i (1) φ 1 φ 2. φ n = m j=1 f jx j1 m j=1 f jx j2. m
2009 10 6 23 7.5 7.5.1 7.2.5 φ s i m j1 x j ξ j s i (1)? φ i φ s i f j x j x ji ξ j s i (1) φ 1 φ 2. φ n m j1 f jx j1 m j1 f jx j2. m j1 f jx jn x 11 x 21 x m1 x 12 x 22 x m2...... m j1 x j1f j m j1 x
) a + b = i + 6 b c = 6i j ) a = 0 b = c = 0 ) â = i + j 0 ˆb = 4) a b = b c = j + ) cos α = cos β = 6) a ˆb = b ĉ = 0 7) a b = 6i j b c = i + 6j + 8)
4 4 ) a + b = i + 6 b c = 6i j ) a = 0 b = c = 0 ) â = i + j 0 ˆb = 4) a b = b c = j + ) cos α = cos β = 6) a ˆb = b ĉ = 0 7) a b = 6i j b c = i + 6j + 8) a b a b = 6i j 4 b c b c 9) a b = 4 a b) c = 7
2 Planck Planck BRST Planck Λ QG Planck GeV Planck Λ QG Friedmann CMB
量子重力理論と宇宙論 (下巻) くりこみ理論と初期宇宙論 浜田賢二 高エネルギー加速器研究機構 (KEK) 素粒子原子核研究所 http://research.kek.jp/people/hamada/ 量子重力の世界は霧に包まれた距離感のない幽玄の世界にたとえること ができる 深い霧が晴れて時空が現れる 国宝松林図屏風 (長谷川等伯筆) 平成 20 年 11 月初版/平成 21 年 09 月改定/
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29 4 Green-Lagrange,,.,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,, E, σ, ε σ = Eε,,.. 4.1? l, l 1 (l 1 l) ε ε = l 1 l l (4.1) F l l 1 F 30 4 Green-Lagrange Δz Δδ γ = Δδ (4.2) Δz π/2 φ γ = π 2 φ (4.3) γ tan γ γ,sin γ γ ( π ) γ tan
() x + y + y + x dy dx = 0 () dy + xy = x dx y + x y ( 5) ( s55906) 0.7. (). 5 (). ( 6) ( s6590) 0.8 m n. 0.9 n n A. ( 6) ( s6590) f A (λ) = det(a λi)
0. A A = 4 IC () det A () A () x + y + z = x y z X Y Z = A x y z ( 5) ( s5590) 0. a + b + c b c () a a + b + c c a b a + b + c 0 a b c () a 0 c b b c 0 a c b a 0 0. A A = 7 5 4 5 0 ( 5) ( s5590) () A ()
t = h x z z = h z = t (x, z) (v x (x, z, t), v z (x, z, t)) ρ v x x + v z z = 0 (1) 2-2. (v x, v z ) φ(x, z, t) v x = φ x, v z
I 1 m 2 l k 2 x = 0 x 1 x 1 2 x 2 g x x 2 x 1 m k m 1-1. L x 1, x 2, ẋ 1, ẋ 2 ẋ 1 x = 0 1-2. 2 Q = x 1 + x 2 2 q = x 2 x 1 l L Q, q, Q, q M = 2m µ = m 2 1-3. Q q 1-4. 2 x 2 = h 1 x 1 t = 0 2 1 t x 1 (t)
[Ver. 0.2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1 1.1 1 1.2 1. (elasticity) 2. (plasticity) 3. (strength) 4. 5. (toughness) 6. 1 1.2 1. (elasticity) } 1 1.2 2. (plasticity), 1 1.2 3. (strength) a < b F
第10章 アイソパラメトリック要素
June 5, 2019 1 / 26 10.1 ( ) 2 / 26 10.2 8 2 3 4 3 4 6 10.1 4 2 3 4 3 (a) 4 (b) 2 3 (c) 2 4 10.1: 3 / 26 8.3 3 5.1 4 10.4 Gauss 10.1 Ω i 2 3 4 Ξ 3 4 6 Ξ ( ) Ξ 5.1 Gauss ˆx : Ξ Ω i ˆx h u 4 / 26 10.2.1
21 2 26 i 1 1 1.1............................ 1 1.2............................ 3 2 9 2.1................... 9 2.2.......... 9 2.3................... 11 2.4....................... 12 3 15 3.1..........
ω 0 m(ẍ + γẋ + ω0x) 2 = ee (2.118) e iωt x = e 1 m ω0 2 E(ω). (2.119) ω2 iωγ Z N P(ω) = χ(ω)e = exzn (2.120) ϵ = ϵ 0 (1 + χ) ϵ(ω) ϵ 0 = 1 +
2.6 2.6.1 ω 0 m(ẍ + γẋ + ω0x) 2 = ee (2.118) e iωt x = e 1 m ω0 2 E(ω). (2.119) ω2 iωγ Z N P(ω) = χ(ω)e = exzn (2.120) ϵ = ϵ 0 (1 + χ) ϵ(ω) ϵ 0 = 1 + Ne2 m j f j ω 2 j ω2 iωγ j (2.121) Z ω ω j γ j f j
18 I ( ) (1) I-1,I-2,I-3 (2) (3) I-1 ( ) (100 ) θ ϕ θ ϕ m m l l θ ϕ θ ϕ 2 g (1) (2) 0 (3) θ ϕ (4) (3) θ(t) = A 1 cos(ω 1 t + α 1 ) + A 2 cos(ω 2 t + α
18 I ( ) (1) I-1,I-2,I-3 (2) (3) I-1 ( ) (100 ) θ ϕ θ ϕ m m l l θ ϕ θ ϕ 2 g (1) (2) 0 (3) θ ϕ (4) (3) θ(t) = A 1 cos(ω 1 t + α 1 ) + A 2 cos(ω 2 t + α 2 ), ϕ(t) = B 1 cos(ω 1 t + α 1 ) + B 2 cos(ω 2 t
gr09.dvi
.1, θ, ϕ d = A, t dt + B, t dtd + C, t d + D, t dθ +in θdϕ.1.1 t { = f1,t t = f,t { D, t = B, t =.1. t A, tdt e φ,t dt, C, td e λ,t d.1.3,t, t d = e φ,t dt + e λ,t d + dθ +in θdϕ.1.4 { = f1,t t = f,t {
Gauss Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = Q (1) xy σ (x, y, z) (2) a ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 (r, θ, φ) (1) xy A Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = ɛ 0 EA Q = ρa ɛ 0 EA = ρea E = (ρ/ɛ 0 )e
7 -a 7 -a February 4, 2007 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1 Gauss Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = Q (1) xy σ (x, y, z) (2) a ρ(x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 (r, θ, φ) (1) xy A Gauss ɛ 0 E ds = ɛ 0 EA Q = ρa ɛ 0 EA = ρea E = (ρ/ɛ 0 )e z
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6 6.1 L r p hl = r p (6.1) 1, 2, 3 r =(x, y, z )=(r 1,r 2,r 3 ), p =(p x,p y,p z )=(p 1,p 2,p 3 ) (6.2) hl i = jk ɛ ijk r j p k (6.3) ɛ ijk Levi Civit
6 6.1 L r p hl = r p (6.1) 1, 2, 3 r =(x, y, z )=(r 1,r 2,r 3 ), p =(p x,p y,p z )=(p 1,p 2,p 3 ) (6.2) hl i = jk ɛ ijk r j p k (6.3) ɛ ijk Levi Civita ɛ 123 =1 0 r p = 2 2 = (6.4) Planck h L p = h ( h
meiji_resume_1.PDF
β β β (q 1,q,..., q n ; p 1, p,..., p n ) H(q 1,q,..., q n ; p 1, p,..., p n ) Hψ = εψ ε k = k +1/ ε k = k(k 1) (x, y, z; p x, p y, p z ) (r; p r ), (θ; p θ ), (ϕ; p ϕ ) ε k = 1/ k p i dq i E total = E
II ( ) (7/31) II ( [ (3.4)] Navier Stokes [ (6/29)] Navier Stokes 3 [ (6/19)] Re
II 29 7 29-7-27 ( ) (7/31) II (http://www.damp.tottori-u.ac.jp/~ooshida/edu/fluid/) [ (3.4)] Navier Stokes [ (6/29)] Navier Stokes 3 [ (6/19)] Reynolds [ (4.6), (45.8)] [ p.186] Navier Stokes I Euler Navier
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転位の応力場について
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- k k k = y. k = ky. y du dx = ε ux ( ) ux ( ) = ax+ b x u() = ; u( ) = AE u() = b= u () = a= ; a= d x du ε x = = = dx dx N = σ da = E ε da = EA ε A x A x x - σ x σ x = Eε x N = EAε x = EA = N = EA k =
(τ τ ) τ, σ ( ) w = τ iσ, w = τ + iσ (w ) w, w ( ) τ, σ τ = (w + w), σ = i (w w) w, w w = τ w τ + σ w σ = τ + i σ w = τ w τ + σ w σ = τ i σ g ab w, w
S = 4π dτ dσ gg ij i X µ j X ν η µν η µν g ij g ij = g ij = ( 0 0 ) τ, σ (+, +) τ τ = iτ ds ds = dτ + dσ ds = dτ + dσ δ ij ( ) a =, a = τ b = σ g ij δ ab g g ( +, +,... ) S = 4π S = 4π ( i) = i 4π dτ dσ
chap10.dvi
. q {y j } I( ( L y j =Δy j = u j = C l ε j l = C(L ε j, {ε j } i.i.d.(,i q ( l= y O p ( {u j } q {C l } A l C l
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( 9:: 3:6: (k 3 45 k F m tan 45 k 45 k F m tan S S F m tan( 6.8k tan k F m ( + k tan 373 S S + Σ Σ 3 + Σ os( sin( + Σ sin( os( + sin( os( p z ( γ z + K pzdz γ + K γ K + γ + 9 ( 9 (+ sin( sin { 9 ( } 4
1 I 1.1 ± e = = - = C C MKSA [m], [Kg] [s] [A] 1C 1A 1 MKSA 1C 1C +q q +q q 1
1 I 1.1 ± e = = - =1.602 10 19 C C MKA [m], [Kg] [s] [A] 1C 1A 1 MKA 1C 1C +q q +q q 1 1.1 r 1,2 q 1, q 2 r 12 2 q 1, q 2 2 F 12 = k q 1q 2 r 12 2 (1.1) k 2 k 2 ( r 1 r 2 ) ( r 2 r 1 ) q 1 q 2 (q 1 q 2
) ] [ h m x + y + + V x) φ = Eφ 1) z E = i h t 13) x << 1) N n n= = N N + 1) 14) N n n= = N N + 1)N + 1) 6 15) N n 3 n= = 1 4 N N + 1) 16) N n 4
1. k λ ν ω T v p v g k = π λ ω = πν = π T v p = λν = ω k v g = dω dk 1) ) 3) 4). p = hk = h λ 5) E = hν = hω 6) h = h π 7) h =6.6618 1 34 J sec) hc=197.3 MeV fm = 197.3 kev pm= 197.3 ev nm = 1.97 1 3 ev
第3章
5 5.. Maxwell Maxwell-Ampere E H D P J D roth = J+ = J+ E+ P ( ε P = σe+ εe + (5. ( NL P= ε χe+ P NL, J = σe (5. Faraday rot = µ H E (5. (5. (5. ( E ( roth rot rot = µ NL µσ E µε µ P E (5.4 = ( = grad
4 Mindlin -Reissner 4 δ T T T εσdω= δ ubdω+ δ utd Γ Ω Ω Γ T εσ (1.1) ε σ u b t 3 σ ε. u T T T = = = { σx σ y σ z τxy τ yz τzx} { εx εy εz γ xy γ yz γ
Mindlin -Rissnr δ εσd δ ubd+ δ utd Γ Γ εσ (.) ε σ u b t σ ε. u { σ σ σ z τ τ z τz} { ε ε εz γ γ z γ z} { u u uz} { b b bz} b t { t t tz}. ε u u u u z u u u z u u z ε + + + (.) z z z (.) u u NU (.) N U
SO(3) 49 u = Ru (6.9), i u iv i = i u iv i (C ) π π : G Hom(V, V ) : g D(g). π : R 3 V : i 1. : u u = u 1 u 2 u 3 (6.10) 6.2 i R α (1) = 0 cos α
SO(3) 48 6 SO(3) t 6.1 u, v u = u 1 1 + u 2 2 + u 3 3 = u 1 e 1 + u 2 e 2 + u 3 e 3, v = v 1 1 + v 2 2 + v 3 3 = v 1 e 1 + v 2 e 2 + v 3 e 3 (6.1) i (e i ) e i e j = i j = δ ij (6.2) ( u, v ) = u v = ij
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D = [a, b] [c, d] D ij P ij (ξ ij, η ij ) f S(f,, {P ij }) S(f,, {P ij }) = = k m i=1 j=1 m n f(ξ ij, η ij )(x i x i 1 )(y j y j 1 ) = i=1 j
6 6.. [, b] [, d] ij P ij ξ ij, η ij f Sf,, {P ij } Sf,, {P ij } k m i j m fξ ij, η ij i i j j i j i m i j k i i j j m i i j j k i i j j kb d {P ij } lim Sf,, {P ij} kb d f, k [, b] [, d] f, d kb d 6..
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V(x) m e V 0 cos x π x π V(x) = x < π, x > π V 0 (i) x = 0 (V(x) V 0 (1 x 2 /2)) n n d 2 f dξ 2ξ d f 2 dξ + 2n f = 0 H n (ξ) (ii) H
199 1 1 199 1 1. Vx) m e V cos x π x π Vx) = x < π, x > π V i) x = Vx) V 1 x /)) n n d f dξ ξ d f dξ + n f = H n ξ) ii) H n ξ) = 1) n expξ ) dn dξ n exp ξ )) H n ξ)h m ξ) exp ξ )dξ = π n n!δ n,m x = Vx)