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1 ( )( )(15 ) 1 In 1969 a tired and discouraged President De Gaulle resigned over a minor issue, and within a year he was dead. For much of the older generation in France, and indeed throughout western Europe, the student revolution of 1968 signaled the end of illusions and the end of an era. Social stability and material progress had resulted in conflict and uncertainty. ( )Under 5 such conditions, all schemes for western European equality with the external superpowers---the United States and the Soviet Union---would have an air of unreality. The student protest of the 1960s, which peaked in 1968 but echoed well into the 1970s, was due to more than overcrowded classrooms and outdated courses. ( ) It reflected a rebirth of romantic revolutionary idealism, which repudiated the quest for ever more consumer goods as 10 stupid and destructive. Student radicalism was also related to the Vietnam War, which led many students in Europe and America to convince themselves that Western civilization was immoral and imperialistic. Finally, the students of the late 1960s were a completely new generation: they had never known anything but prosperity and tranquility, and they had grown bored with both. In 1969 a tired and discouraged President De Gaulle resigned over a minor issue, and within a year he was dead. For much of the older generation in France, and indeed throughout western Europe, the student revolution of 1968 signaled the end of illusions and the end of an era. Social stability and material progress had resulted in conflict and uncertainty. ( )Under such conditions, all schemes for western European equality with the external superpowers---the United States and the Soviet Union---would have an air of unreality. De Gaulle signal scheme air Charles An dré Jo seph Ma rie ( ). to be a sign that sth exists or is likely to happen: a plan or system for doing or organizing sth: [sing.] the particular feeling or impression that is given by sb/sth; the way sb does sth: The room had an air of luxury. * She looked at him with a defiant air. * There was an air of complete confidence about her. Under such conditions In 1969 a tired and discouraged President De Gaulle resigned over a minor issue, and within a year he was dead. For much of the older generation in France, and indeed throughout western Europe, the student revolution of 1968 signaled the end of illusions and the end of an era. Social stability and material progress had resulted in conflict and uncertainty. ( )Under such conditions, all schemes for western European equality with the external superpowers---the United States and the Soviet Union---would have an air of unreality

2 The student protest of the 1960s, which peaked in 1968 but echoed well into the 1970s, was due to more than overcrowded classrooms and outdated courses. ( ) It reflected a rebirth of romantic revolutionary idealism, which repudiated the quest for ever more consumer goods as stupid and destructive. Student radicalism was also related to the Vietnam War, which led many students in Europe and America to convince themselves that Western civilization was immoral and imperialistic. Finally, the students of the late 1960s were a completely new generation: they had never known anything but prosperity and tranquility, and they had grown bored with both. due to ~ to sth/sb caused by sb/sth; because of sb/sth out-dated no longer useful because of being old-fashioned: reflect to show or be a sign of the nature of sth or of sb's attitude or feeling: Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community. * His music reflects his interest in African culture. romantic very imaginative and emotional; not looking at situations in a realistic way: a romantic view of life * When I was younger, I had romantic ideas of becoming a writer. repudiate to refuse to accept sth reject to repudiate a proposal / suggestion * Socialism had been repudiated at the polls. * The West has chosen to repudiate all responsibility for these refugees. destructive causing destruction or damage: the destructive power of modern weapons * the destructive effects of anxiety * Opencast coal mining is among the most environmentally destructive activities carried out in Wales. radical in favour of thorough and complete political or social change: the radical wing of the party * radical politicians / students / writers reflect / romantic which repudiate quest the quest for ever more consumer goods stupid and destructive repudiate as stupid and destructive the quest The student protest of the 1960s, which peaked in 1968 but echoed well into the 1970s, was due to more than overcrowded classrooms and outdated courses. ( ) It reflected a rebirth of romantic revolutionary idealism, which repudiated the quest for ever more consumer goods as stupid and destructive. Student radicalism was also related to the Vietnam War, which led many students in Europe and America to convince themselves that Western civilization was immoral and imperialistic. Finally, the students of the late 1960s were a completely new generation: they had never known anything but prosperity and tranquility, and they had grown bored with both

3 1960 (15 ) 1 Scientists usually are careful in drawing conclusions from their research. One of the purposes of drawing conclusions from data compiled in the course of research is the ability to apply the information gathered to other, similar situations. Problems thus may develop if there are faults in the research design. For example, the study must show validity--that is, the study 5 must actually test what it was intended to test. If you want to say one event is the cause of another, you must be able to rule out other explanations to show that your research is valid. Suppose you conclude that marijuana use leads to heroin use. You must show that it is marijuana use and not some other factor, such as peer pressure or emotional problems that leads to heroin use. 10 The study must also demonstrate reliability--that is, the findings of the study must be repeatable. To demonstrate reliability we must show that research can be replicated--repeated for the purpose of determining whether initial results can be duplicated. Suppose you conclude from a study that whites living in racially integrated housing projects, who have contact with African Americans in the same projects, have more favorable attitudes toward blacks than do 15 whites living in racially segregated housing projects. If you or other researchers carry out the same study in housing projects in various cities throughout the country and get the same results, the study is reliable. Scientists usually are careful in drawing conclusions from their research. One of the purposes of drawing conclusions from data compiled in the course of research is the ability to apply the information gathered to other, similar situations. Problems thus may develop if there are faults in the research design. For example, the study must show validity--that is, the study must actually test what it was intended to test. If you want to say one event is the cause of another, you must be able to rule out other explanations to show that your research is valid. Suppose you conclude that marijuana use leads to heroin use. You must show that it is marijuana use and not some other factor, such as peer pressure or emotional problems that leads to heroin use. compile validity rule out Suppose to produce a book, list, report, etc. by bringing together different items, articles, songs, etc the state of being logical and true: We had doubts about the validity of their argument. to state that sth is not possible or that sb/sth is not suitable exclude Police have not ruled out the possibility that the man was murdered. suppose/supposing (that) used when talking about a possible condition or situation, and then imagining the 3

4 peer pressure result Look, suppose you lost your job tomorrow, what would you do? Supposing it really is a fire! Peer pressure is strong among young people (= they want to be like other people of the same age). Scientists usually are careful in drawing conclusions from their research. One of the purposes of drawing conclusions from data compiled in the course of research is the ability to apply the information gathered to other, similar situations. Problems thus may develop if there are faults in the research design. For example, the study must show validity--that is, the study must actually test what it was intended to test. If you want to say one event is the cause of another, you must be able to rule out other explanations to show that your research is valid. Suppose you conclude that marijuana use leads to heroin use. You must show that it is marijuana use and not some other factor, such as peer pressure or emotional problems that leads to heroin use. The study must also demonstrate reliability--that is, the findings of the study must be repeatable. To demonstrate reliability we must show that research can be replicated--repeated for the purpose of determining whether initial results can be duplicated. Suppose you conclude from a study that whites living in racially integrated housing projects, who have contact with African Americans in the same projects, have more favorable attitudes toward blacks than do whites living in racially segregated housing projects. If you or other researchers carry out the same study in housing projects in various cities throughout the country and get the same results, the study is reliable. findings replicate duplicate housing projects integrate information that is discovered as the result of research into sth to produce exact copies of itself: to make an exact copy of sth a group of houses or flats/apartments built for poor families, usually with government money to combine two or more things so that they work together; to combine with sth else in this way: Suppose that conclude housing projects integrated segregated 4

5 l.13 that whites living projects who projects whites (S)+ have[l.14 ](V)+ more favorable attitudes (O) more favorable attitudes.than do whites, do = have living in racially segregated housing projects whites The study must also demonstrate reliability--that is, the findings of the study must be repeatable. To demonstrate reliability we must show that research can be replicated--repeated for the purpose of determining whether initial results can be duplicated. Suppose you conclude from a study that whites living in racially integrated housing projects, who have contact with African Americans in the same projects, have more favorable attitudes toward blacks than do whites living in racially segregated housing projects. If you or other researchers carry out the same study in housing projects in various cities throughout the country and get the same results, the study is reliable. 5

6 10 1 There is nothing which appears in a mirror, however, with which we can even begin to compare these discoveries. With one exception the mirror shows what we could just as easily see by looking around us. Without the aid of a mirror, however, we would be completely ignorant about the appearance of our own face. But in contrast to the microscope and the 5 telescope which introduced human beings to a previously unknown class of objects, it did not require the invention of the mirror to familiarize us with the existence of the human face. There is nothing which appears in a mirror, however, with which we can even begin to compare these discoveries. With one exception the mirror shows what we could just as easily see by looking around us. Without the aid of a mirror, however, we would be completely ignorant about the appearance of our own face. ignorant lacking knowledge or information about sth; not educated (l.1) which appears in a mirror with which we discoveries which nothing can even begin to compare these discoveries microscope telescope But in contrast to the microscope and the telescope which introduced human beings to a previously unknown class of objects, it did not require the invention of the mirror to familiarize us with the existence of the human face. introduce to make sb learn about sth or do sth for the first time: The first lecture introduces students to the main topics of the course. class a group of people, animals or things that have similar characteristics or qualities familiarize to learn about sth or teach sb about sth, so that you/they start to understand it: But in contrast to the microscope and the telescope which introduced human beings to a previously unknown class of objects, it did not require the invention of the mirror to familiarize us with the existence of the human face. in contrast to (l.5)which the microscope and the telescope previously unknown class of objects (class) it (l.6) to to the invention of the mirror 6

7 microscope, telescope mirror introduce familiarize ( ),( ) Christianity and religion in general had been on the defensive in intellectual circles since the Enlightenment, especially during the late nineteenth century. ( )But the loss of faith in human reason and in continual progress now led to a renewed interest in the Christian view of the world in the twentieth century. A number of thinkers and theologians began to revitalize the fundamentals of Christianity, especially after World War One. They had a powerful impact on society. Sometimes described as Christian existentialists because they shared the loneliness and despair of atheistic existentialists, they revived the tradition of Saint Augustine. They stressed human beings' sinful nature, the need for faith, and the mystery of God's forgiveness. This development was a break with the late nineteenth century. ( )In the years before 1914, some theologians, especially Protestant theologians, had felt the need to interpret Christian doctrine and the Bible so that they did not seem to contradict science, evolution, and common sense. Christ was therefore seen primarily as the greatest moral teacher, and the "supernatural" aspects of his divinity were strenuously played down. Christianity and religion in general had been on the defensive in intellectual circles since the Enlightenment, especially during the late nineteenth century. ( )But the loss of faith in human reason and in continual progress now led to a renewed interest in the Christian view of the world in the twentieth century. the Enlightenment on the defensive lead to a period in the eighteenth century when many writers and scientists believed that science and knowledge, not religion, could improve people's trying to protect yourself because someone is criticizing you to cause something to happen or cause someone to do something the events that led to the start of the First World War Christianity and religion in general had been on the defensive in intellectual circles since the Enlightenment, especially during the late nineteenth century. ( )But the loss of faith in human reason and in continual progress now led to a renewed interest in the Christian view of the world in the twentieth century. the loss of faith progress faith in human reason 7

8 (faith) in continual progress lead to loss of faith renewed interest chronological in the twentieth century A number of thinkers and theologians began to revitalize the fundamentals of Christianity, especially after World War One. They had a powerful impact on society. Sometimes described as Christian existentialists because they shared the loneliness and despair of atheistic existentialists, they revived the tradition of Saint Augustine. They stressed human beings' sinful nature, the need for faith, and the mystery of God's forgiveness. theologian <theology revitalize fundamental existentialist <existentialism atheistic <atheist the study of religion and religious ideas and beliefs: He studied theology at college. to put new strength or power into something: Large cities across the nation are revitalizing their business districts. the most important ideas, rules etc. that something is based on [+ of]: These two programs teach the fundamentals of keyboard use. the belief that people are alone in a meaningless world, that they are completely free to choose what to do, and that their actions shape their character and nature someone who does not believe that God exists A number of thinkers and theologians began to revitalize the fundamentals of Christianity, especially after World War One. They had a powerful impact on society. Sometimes described as Christian existentialists because they shared the loneliness and despair of atheistic existentialists, they revived the tradition of Saint Augustine. They stressed human beings' sinful nature, the need for faith, and the mystery of God's forgiveness. (l.6) Sometimes described..existentialists Being This development was a break with the late nineteenth century. ( )In the years before 1914, some theologians, especially Protestant theologians, had felt the need to interpret Christian doctrine and the Bible so that they did not seem to contradict science, evolution, and common sense. Christ was therefore seen primarily as the greatest moral teacher, and the "supernatural" aspects of his divinity were strenuously played down. break an occasion when you end a relationship with a person, organization etc., or change the way that things have always been done in the past [+ from]: This ruling represents a major break with the policies of the past 35 years. contradict if one statement, story etc. contradicts another one, it is very different or the 8

9 divinity strenuous play sth down opposite of the other one the state of being a god, or the quality of being like a god: After 1946, the Emperor no longer claimed divinity. active and determined: Fernandez was approved as director over the strenuous objections of the faculty. to try to make something seem less important than it really is: The White House is trying to play down the latest scandal. This development was a break with the late nineteenth century. ( )In the years before 1914, some theologians, especially Protestant theologians, had felt the need to interpret Christian doctrine and the Bible so that they did not seem to contradict science, evolution, and common sense. Christ was therefore seen primarily as the greatest moral teacher, and the "supernatural" aspects of his divinity were strenuously played down. (l.10) This century. 19 In the years before 1914 had felt ll.5-6 after World War One 1918 so that that not were strenuously played down = ( ) ( ) (10 ) 1 5 Great social transformations mark both an end and a beginning. In the structural changes of the past twenty years, Americans have struggled to define which elements of their lives have been destroyed forever and which are in the process of being created. ( )Swiftly fading from mind are the industrial prosperity that was guaranteed by U.S. dominance in the world economy and a shared middle-class way of life that was accessible by work and skill. In their place rise alternate images of great wealth, insecurity, and ( )fragmentation. Great social transformations mark both an end and a beginning. In the structural changes of the past twenty years, Americans have struggled to define which elements of their lives have been destroyed forever and which are in the process of being created. 9

10 10 mark SHOW A CHANGE [transitive] to be a sign of an important change or an important stage in the development of something Her latest novel marks a turning point in her development as a writer. / The move seemed to mark a major change in government policy. / These elections mark the end of an era. () have struggled define which forever / which created which which (l.3) elements of their lives 20 ( )Swiftly fading from mind are the industrial prosperity that was guaranteed by U.S. dominance in the world economy and a shared middle-class way of life that was accessible by work and skill. fade to gradually disappear: Hopes of an early end to the strike are beginning to fade. Over the years her beauty had faded a little. swiftly <swift guarantee accessible happening quickly and immediately to promise that something will happen or be done easy to obtain or use [+ to]: Healthcare should be made accessible to everyone.: The Internet makes this kind of information readily accessible to parents. Swiftly fading from mind are the industrial prosperity that was guaranteed by U.S. dominance in the world economy and a shared middle-class way of life that was accessible by work and skill. the industrial skill, swiftly fading from mind the industrial prosperity a shared middle-class way of life that accessible shared In their place rise alternate images of great wealth, insecurity, and ( )fragmentation. alternate able to be used or chosen instead of another person or thing of the same type: an alternate method of payment in their place =alternate images fragmentation rise In their place rise alternate images of great wealth, insecurity, and ( )fragmentation.

11 ( ) ( ) fragmentation (15 ) 1 If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as philosophers have done for centuries, the world of the mind seems very different from the one inhabited by our bodies. The psychic space inside our heads is infinite and ethereal; it seems obvious that it must be made of different stuff than all the other organs. Cut into the body, and blood pours forth. But 5 slice into the brain, and thoughts and emotions don t spill out onto the operating table. Love and anger can t be collected in a test tube to be weighed and measured. René Descartes, the great 17th century French mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body dualism. Many Eastern mystical traditions, contemplating the same inner space, have come to 10 the opposite conclusion. They teach that the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum. In the past, doctors and scientists have tended to dismiss (A)that view as a nonsense, but (B)the more they learn about the inner workings of the mind, the more they realize that in this regard at least, the mystics are right and Descartes was dead wrong. 15 (A) 2 (B) If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as philosophers have done for centuries, the world of the mind seems very different from the one inhabited by our bodies. The psychic space inside our heads is infinite and ethereal; it seems obvious that it must be made of different stuff than all the other organs. Cut into the body, and blood pours forth. But slice into the brain, and thoughts and emotions don t spill out onto the operating table. Love and anger can t be collected in a test tube to be weighed and measured. mind heart 1.the part of a person that makes them able to be aware of things, to think and to feel: 2. your ability to think and reason; your intelligence; the particular way that sb thinks intellect to have a brilliant / good / keen mind the part of the body where the feelings and emotions are thought to be, especially those connected with love: She has a kind heart. * Have you no heart? * 11

12 inhabit psychic ethereal stuff mind to live in a particular place (formal) connected with the mind rather than the body extremely delicate and light; seeming to belong to another, more spiritual, world: used to refer to a substance, material, group of objects, etc. mind body (l. 4) different than, than from (l.4-5) Cut into the body / But slice If you If you close your eyes and think about it for a while, as philosophers have done for centuries, the world of the mind seems very different from the one inhabited by our bodies. The psychic space inside our heads is infinite and ethereal; it seems obvious that it must be made of different stuff than all the other organs. Cut into the body, and blood pours forth. But slice into the brain, and thoughts and emotions don t spill out onto the operating table. Love and anger can t be collected in a test tube to be weighed and measured. René Descartes, the great 17th century French mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body dualism. Many Eastern mystical traditions, contemplating the same inner space, have come to the opposite conclusion. They teach that the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum. René Descartes enshrine to make a law, right, etc. respected or official, especially by stating it in an important written document: These rights are enshrined in the country's constitution. / November 9, 1989 is already enshrined as a key date in 20th century European history. Ÿ ( ), metadivide dualism mind-body higher; beyond: metaphysics * metalanguage metalanguage a difference between two groups of people that separates them from each other: the North / South divide * the divide between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland (philosophy) the theory that there are two opposite principles in everything, for example good and evil 12

13 dualism mystical tradition contemplate indivisible continuum having spiritual powers or qualities that are difficult to understand or to explain: mystical forces / powers * a belief, custom or way of doing sth that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people; a set of these beliefs or customs: to think deeply about sth for a long time: that cannot be divided into separate parts: a series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it but the last is very different from the first It is impossible to say at what point along the continuum a dialect becomes a separate language. divide (l.9) in (what came to be known in Western philosophy as) mind-body dualism this metaphysical divide mind-body dualism = in (enshrined) what came to be known [in Western philosophy] as mind-body dualism René Descartes, the great 17th century French mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body dualism. 17 contemplating the same inner space divide continuum René Descartes, the great 17th century French mathematician and philosopher, enshrined this metaphysical divide in what came to be known in Western philosophy as mind-body dualism. Many Eastern mystical traditions, contemplating the same inner space, have come to the opposite conclusion. They teach that the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum

14 In the past, doctors and scientists have tended to dismiss (A)that view as a nonsense, but (B)the more they learn about the inner workings of the mind, the more they realize that in this regard at least, the mystics are right and Descartes was dead wrong. dismiss nonsense mystic dead to decide that sb/sth is not important and not worth thinking or talking about ideas, statements or beliefs that you think are ridiculous or not true a person who tries to become united with God through prayer and MEDITATION and so understand important things that are beyond normal human understanding completely; exactly: You're dead right! dismiss as that view the more the more in this regard dead wrong (A) (A) In the past, doctors and scientists have tended to dismiss (A)that view as a nonsense, but (B)the more they learn about the inner workings of the mind, the more they realize that in this regard at least, the mystics are right and Descartes was dead wrong. that view mystics (ll.9-10)that the mind and body belong to an indivisible continuum. A) 14

15 ( ) ( )( ) (30 ) 1 ( )Technology has been a fact of human life as long as there have been human lives. From the time that human beings emerged as a separate species on this earth, they have been trying to control to manipulate to exploit and sometimes even to subdue the earth with tools. Technological change has occurred so rapidly in the twentieth century that we sometimes 5 think of ourselves as living in a characteristically technological age, surrounded as we are by automobiles and superhighways, skyscrapers and plastics, and more technological than any of our ancestors. In all times and all places human beings have attempted in some fashion to use tools to control the natural environment in which they were living and this is as true of the human beings who first learned how to rub two stones together to make a spark as it is of 10 those who subsequently created the atomic bomb. We like to think that in times past people lived more "natural" lives than we do today, but in point of fact, log cabins, tepees, and grass huts are as "artificial" as hydraulic cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics, and computers. They are all equally products of human hands, of human artifice of making things, of homo faber. ( )That is why we should be suspicious whenever we see the labels "handmade" or 15 "natural" on a product, no matter what that product may happen to be, no matter how "old-fashioned" it may happen to look or feel or taste. All products are both handmade and natural because all human beings are naturally equipped to make things with their hands. Is a piece of cloth more handmade because it has been woven on a wooden loom rather than a metal one? Is bread that has been baked in a wood-fired brick oven more natural than bread 20 baked in a metal oven fired by "natural" gas? And when we actually do encounter something that is more handmade than something else why do we assume instantly that the former is better than the latter? ( ) Studying the history of technology may help us to understand why so many people seem to believe that being handmade and natural somehow means simultaneously both "better" and "traditional." 25 Technology has been a fact of human life as long as there have been human lives. From the time that human beings emerged as a separate species on this earth, they have been trying to control, to manipulate, to exploit and sometimes even to subdue the earth with tools. Technological change has occurred so rapidly in the twentieth century that we sometimes think of ourselves as living in a characteristically technological age, surrounded as we are by automobiles and superhighways, skyscrapers and plastics, and more technological than any of our ancestors. a fact of life a situation that cannot be changed, especially one that is unpleasant: It's a fact of life that some people will always be racist. subdue to bring sb/sth under control, especially by using force defeat technology a fact of human life technology human life as long as human life (l.4) Technological change has so (rapidly) that so that 15

16 16 (l.5) think of as --- = --- think of ourselves as living plastics and (as) more technological than any of our ancestors Technology has been a fact of human life as long as there have been human lives. From the time that human beings emerged as a separate species on this earth, they have been trying to control, to manipulate, to exploit and sometimes even to subdue the earth with tools. Technological change has occurred so rapidly in the twentieth century that we sometimes think of ourselves as living in a characteristically technological age, surrounded as we are by automobiles and superhighways, skyscrapers and plastics, and more technological than any of our ancestors. In all times and all places human beings have attempted in some fashion to use tools to control the natural environment in which they were living and this is as true of the human beings who first learned how to rub two stones together to make a spark as it is of those who subsequently created the atomic bomb. We like to think that in times past people lived more "natural" lives than we do today, but in point of fact, log cabins, tepees, and grass huts are as "artificial" as hydraulic cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics, and computers. They are all equally products of human hands, of human artifice of making things, of homo faber. in some fashion = in some way subsequently afterwards; later; after sth else has happened: The original interview notes were subsequently lost. in point of fact used to say what is true in a situation: In point of fact, she is their adopted daughter. tepee a type of tall tent shaped like a CONE, used by Native Americans in the past hydraulic moved through pipes, etc. under pressure: hydraulic fluid hydraulic cement antibiotic artifice (l.9) and this is bomb this is as true of [ the human beings who ] as it is[true] of [ those who ] (l.13) They = log cabins, tepees, grass huts hydraulic cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics and computer homo faber homo sapiens In all times and all places human beings have attempted in some fashion to use tools to control the natural environment in which they were living and

17 this is as true of the human beings who first learned how to rub two stones together to make a spark as it is of those who subsequently created the atomic bomb. We like to think that in times past people lived more "natural" lives than we do today, but in point of fact, log cabins, tepees, and grass huts are as "artificial" as hydraulic cement, atomic bombs, antibiotics, and computers. They are all equally products of human hands, of human artifice of making things, of homo faber. That is why we should be suspicious whenever we see the labels "handmade" or "natural" on a product, no matter what that product may happen to be, no matter how "old-fashioned" it may happen to look or feel or taste. All products are both handmade and natural because all human beings are naturally equipped to make things with their hands. equip to provide yourself/sb/sth with the things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity That is why we should be suspicious whenever..product () no matter what to be no matter how.. taste ( ) That They(l.13) ( ) That is why we should be suspicious whenever we see the labels "handmade" or "natural" on a product, no matter what that product may happen to be, no matter how "old-fashioned" it may happen to look or feel or taste. All products are both handmade and natural because all human beings are naturally equipped to make things with their hands. Is a piece of cloth more handmade because it has been woven on a wooden loom rather than a metal one? Is bread that has been baked in a wood-fired brick oven more natural than bread baked in a metal oven fired by "natural" gas? And when we actually do encounter something that is more handmade than something else why do we assume instantly that the former is better than the latter? loom loom 17

18 a piece of cloth woven on a wooden loom (woven on ) a metal one[=loom] handmade because it= a piece of cloth (l.21) natural natural natural natural gas (l.21)and when (l.22) why (l.23) instantly the former= something more handmade the latter = something else Is a piece of cloth more handmade because it has been woven on a wooden loom rather than a metal one? Is bread that has been baked in a wood-fired brick oven more natural than bread baked in a metal oven fired by "natural" gas? And when we actually do encounter something that is more handmade than something else why do we assume instantly that the former is better than the latter? Studying the history of technology may help us to understand why so many people seem to believe that being handmade and natural somehow means simultaneously both "better" and "traditional." simultaneous happening or done at the same time as sth else: Studying the history of technology help us to understand believe that being handmade and natural means 18

19 (10 ) 1 5 Social thinkers writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries could not have foreseen the invention of nuclear weaponry. But the connecting of industrial innovation and organization to military power is a process that dates back to the early origins of modern industrialization itself. That ( )this went largely unanalyzed in sociology is an indication of the strength of the view that the newly emergent order of modernity would be essentially pacific in contrast to the militarism that had characterized previous ages. Not just the treat of nuclear confrontation, but the actuality of military conflict, form a basic part of the dark side of the modernity in the current century. ( )this 2 Social thinkers writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries could not have foreseen the invention of nuclear weaponry. But the connecting of industrial innovation and organization to military power is a process that dates back to the early origins of modern industrialization itself. weaponry weapons of a particular type or belonging to a particular country or group nuclear weaponry / It is a highly-trained army, with very sophisticated modern weaponry. innovation a new idea, method, or invention innovation in recent innovations in English teaching organization a group such as a club or business that has formed for a particular purpose The public expect high standards from any large organization. date back to =date from phrasal verb to have existed since a particular time in the past The church dates from the 13th century. 13 process a series of actions that are done in order to achieve a particular result Repetition can help the learning process. writing could not have foreseen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries But the connecting..military power the connecting of A to B = A= industrial innovation and (industrial) organization B=military power date back to / date from[ ] Social thinkers writing in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries could not have foreseen the invention of nuclear weaponry. But the connecting of industrial innovation and organization to military power is a 19

20 process that dates back to the early origins of modern industrialization itself. That ( )this went largely unanalyzed in sociology is an indication of the strength of the view that the newly emergent order of modernity would be essentially pacific in contrast to the militarism that had characterized previous ages. indication a sign, remark, event etc that shows what is happening, what someone is thinking or feeling, or what is true indication of Dark green leaves are a good indication of healthy roots. He gave no indication of his own feelings at all. emergent in the early stages of existence or development the emergent nations of the world modernity formal the quality of being modern a conflict between tradition and modernity pacific peaceful and loving or wanting peace a normally pacific community That in sociology this process process the connecting military power go unanalyzed an indication of ( of ) (l.5) that the view (l.6) that had militarism (l.6) would be (ll.6-7) that had characterized previous ages. previous ages had characterized That ( )this went largely unanalyzed in sociology is an indication of the strength of the view that the newly emergent order of modernity would be essentially pacific in contrast to the militarism that had characterized previous ages. ( )this 180 Not just the threat of nuclear confrontation, but the actuality of military conflict, form a basic part of the dark side of the modernity in the current century. 20

21 actuality facts, rather than things that people believe or imagine ᅳsynonym realities / the grim actualities of prison life Not just but Not only but also Not just conflict form a basic part 21

22 (25 ) 1 It is almost an article of faith for many Americans that disputes should be settled by the disputing parties without outside interference. Parents often send their children back to the playroom or playground with instructions to settle fights for themselves. Relatives and friends can be heard to say, 'It's between the two of you. I m not getting in the middle. The Western view 5 of intermediaries is reflected in the fate of Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet: When he tries to break up a sword fight between his friend Romeo and Romeo's enemy Tybalt, Mercutio is accidentally speared and killed, living just long enough to utter the now-famous curse "A plague on both your houses!' Even psychologists tend to regard it as a sign of maturity when someone settles disputes without third parties, whose intervention may be regarded as unhealthy and 10 inappropriate enmeshment. Yet many peoples of the world expect conflicts to be resolved by intermediaries. ( )This reflects an emphasis on harmony and interdependence: the tendency to see individuals as located inextricably in a social network, in contrast to Americans tendency to glorify independence and see the individual as the fundamental human unit. To manage disputes ranging from private 15 family matters to public conflicts between villages, cultures develop habitual ethics and formal proceedings, just as we have assumptions about how to fight fair as well as legal trials. ( )Some cultures have ways of settling private disputes that involve the participation of others: these can be formally ritualized events or informal ways of involving the community in settling disputes. We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another culture, but thinking about them can give us pause 20 and perhaps even ideas for devising our own new ways to manage conflict. It is almost an article of faith for many Americans that disputes should be settled by the disputing parties without outside interference. Parents often send their children back to the playroom or playground with instructions to settle fights for themselves. Relatives and friends can be heard to say, 'It's between the two of you. I m not getting in the middle. article of faith something that you feel very strongly about so that it affects how you think or behave: dispute party settle in the middle noun : a serious argument or disagreement one of the people or groups who are involved in a (legal) argument or agreement to end an argument or solve a disagreement between two or more people or things get in the middle = (l.1) disputes disputing parties disputing parties can be heard to say It is almost an article of faith for many Americans that disputes should be settled by the disputing parties without outside interference. Parents often send their children back to the playroom or playground with instructions to settle fights for themselves. Relatives and friends can be heard to say, 'It's between the two of you. I m not getting in the middle. 22

23 The Western view of intermediaries is reflected in the fate of Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet: When he tries to break up a sword fight between his friend Romeo and Romeo's enemy Tybalt, Mercutio is accidentally speared and killed, living just long enough to utter the now-famous curse "A plague on both your houses!' Even psychologists tend to regard it as a sign of maturity when someone settles disputes without third parties, whose intervention may be regarded as unhealthy and inappropriate enmeshment. intermediary Mercutio, Tybalt curse enmeshment < enmeshed unhealthy a person or organization that tries to help two other people or groups to agree with each other: Jackson acted as an intermediary between the two parties. Romeo and Juliet a swear word or words that you say because you are very angry He muttered a curse under his breath. very involved in an unpleasant or complicated situation enmeshed in/with Congress worried about becoming enmeshed in a foreign war. enmeshment= involvement in an unpleasant or complicated situation not normal or natural and likely to be harmful an unhealthy relationship The Western view of intermediaries is reflected in Mercutio Romeo and Juliet A plague on both your houses! A plague on! regard it as... = it it = when parties third parties whose third parties The Western view of intermediaries is reflected in the fate of Mercutio in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet: When he tries to break up a sword fight between his friend Romeo and Romeo's enemy Tybalt, Mercutio is accidentally speared and killed, living just long enough to utter the now-famous curse "A plague on both your houses!' Even psychologists tend to regard it as a sign of maturity when someone settles disputes without third parties, whose intervention may be regarded as unhealthy and inappropriate enmeshment. 23

24 24 Yet many peoples of the world expect conflicts to be resolved by intermediaries. ( )This reflects an emphasis on harmony and interdependence: the tendency to see individuals as located inextricably in a social network, in contrast to Americans tendency to glorify independence and see the individual as the fundamental human unit. To manage disputes ranging from private family matters to public conflicts between villages, cultures develop habitual ethics and formal proceedings, just as we have assumptions about how to fight fair as well as legal trials. inextricably < inextricable glorify manage range proceedings assumption two or more things that are inextricable are closely related and affect each other the inextricable connection between language and culture to make someone or something seem more important or better than they really are films which glorify violence to succeed in dealing with problems, living in a difficult situation etc We didn't have the proper equipment, but we managed somehow. to include a variety of different things or people in addition to those mentioned range from something to something The show had a massive audience, ranging from children to grandparents. an event or a series of things that happen We watched the proceedings in the street below. something that you think is true although you have no definite proof ( ) This reflects emphasis on reflect This to see as as ( being ) located inextricably To manage village cultures ethics Yet many peoples of the world expect conflicts to be resolved by intermediaries. ( )This reflects an emphasis on harmony and interdependence: the tendency to see individuals as located inextricably in a social network, in contrast to Americans tendency to glorify independence and see the individual as the fundamental human unit. To manage disputes ranging from private family matters to public conflicts between villages, cultures develop habitual ethics and formal proceedings, just as we have assumptions about how to fight fair as well as legal trials.

25 ( )Some cultures have ways of settling private disputes that involve the participation of others: these can be formally ritualized events or informal ways of involving the community in settling disputes. We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another culture, but thinking about them can give us pause and perhaps even ideas for devising our own new ways to manage conflict. ritualize < ritual give sb pause devise a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion give somebody pause (for thought) to make someone stop and consider carefully what they are doing an avoidable accident that should give us all pause for thought to plan or invent a new way of doing something She devised a method for quicker communications between offices. ( ) (l.17) that involve the participation of others ways disputes these = ways of settling private disputes can be or (l.20) thinking thinking about them can give us pause and (can give us) even ideas for thinking about them(=the rituals of another culture) pause even ideas ( )Some cultures have ways of settling private disputes that involve the participation of others: these can be formally ritualized events or informal ways of involving the community in settling disputes. We cannot simply adopt the rituals of another culture, but thinking about them can give us pause and perhaps even ideas for devising our own new ways to manage conflict. 25

26 30 ( ) stereotypes their opposites ( ) Anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson was worried about her pregnancy, which took place in the Philippines where she had been doing research. After weeks on her back fruitlessly hoping to avert a premature delivery, she gave birth in a Manila hospital to the son she planned to call Martin, who died a few hours later. For her, the death of her baby was something that should not have happened, unthinkable, unbearable. However for the gentle Filipino nurses, the loss was sad but part of life, bound to happen from time to time. Their sympathy was firmly mixed with a cheerful certainty that she would be back next year with another baby. Her fieldwork in the village had allowed her to observe and compare responses to death. On the afternoon of Martin's birth, she described to her husband, Barkev, the way Filipinos would express their sympathy. "Don't expect to be left alone," she said, and "don't expect people tactfully to avoid the subject. Expect friends to seek us out and to show their concern by asking specific factual questions." Rather than a euphemistic handling of the event and a denial of the ordinary course of life, she advised him to be ready for the opposite. An American colleague... might shake hands, nod his head sadly, perhaps murmuring, "We were so sorry to hear," and beat a swift retreat; a Filipino friend would say, "It was so sad that your baby died. Did you see him? Who did he look like? Was he baptized? How much did he weigh? How long were you in labor?" ( )Stereotypes often conceal their opposites. In other contexts, Filipinos describe Americans as "brutally frank," while Americans find Filipinos frustratingly indirect and evasive. Yet in the handling of death, Filipinos behave in a manner that Americans might characterize as "brutally frank" and seem to go out of their way to evoke the expression of emotion, while Americans can only be called euphemistic and indirect, going to great lengths to avoid emotional outbreaks. If Bateson had not had experience with the culture of the village, the most caring behavior on the part of Filipino friends, genuinely trying to express concern and affection, would have seemed like a violation. ( )To avoid breaking down in the face of sudden reminders of grief, she might have imposed a rigid self-control, which would have reinforced the belief that many Filipinos hold, that Americans don't really grieve; or she might have reacted with anger to the affront, losing valued friends. Anthropologist Mary Catherine Bateson was worried about her pregnancy, which took place in the Philippines where she had been doing research. After weeks on her back fruitlessly hoping to avert a premature delivery, she gave birth in a Manila hospital to the son she planned to call Martin, who died a few hours later. For her, the death of her baby was something that should not have happened, unthinkable, unbearable. However for the gentle Filipino nurses, the loss was sad but part of life, bound to happen from time to time. Their sympathy was firmly mixed with a cheerful certainty that she would be back next year with another baby. 26