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1 June 11, /06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 1

2 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 2

3 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 3

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17 last time topic = grasping in chemistry What is a cell (denchi)? Interpret in a sense of chemistry. (1) storing electrical energy as chemicals and converting them into electrical energy (2) converting certain energy into electrical energy Think the hidden concept(s)! 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 17

18 today's topic = what is the goal of scientists triple crown 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 18

19 "triple crown" in baseball In Major League Baseball, a player earns the Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories. For batters, a player must lead the league in home runs, runs batted in (RBI), and batting average; pitchers must lead the league in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average (ERA) Lou Gehrig Ted Williams Japanese 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 19

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22 大 リーグ

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25 a triple crown holder in major baseball in 2012 Miguel Cabrera (Detroit Tigers) since 1965 home runs: 44 runs batted in: 139 batting average: /06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 25

26 treble in football: triple crown in soccer The term treble or Treble is used in association football to refer to a team winning three trophies in a single season. Honours usually considered to constitute a treble are the top-tier domestic league competition, domestic cup competitions, and continental tournaments. Trophies which consist of a single match or two-leg competition (e.g. the FA Community Shield and UEFA Super Cup) are generally not counted as part of a treble. International trebles (but not in a single season) France won the 1998 FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Euro 2000, and the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup Brazil won the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 2004 Copa América, and the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 26

27 "triple crown" in science Q What are "triple crown" in science? 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 27

28 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize name of reaction or principle unit name of societies or journals adjective Who is/are "triple crown" in science? 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 28

29 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize name of reaction or principle unit name of societies or journals adjective Who is/are "triple crown" in science? Maria Skłodowska-Curie ( ), Albert Einstein ( ), Michel Faraday ( ), Isaac Newton ( ), Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck ( ) 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 29

30 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize name of reaction or principle unit name of societies or journals adjective Who is quintuple crown in science? 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 30

31 "triple crown" in science Q Q What is triple crown in science? "Name" is recorded in an award, e.g. Nobel Prize 1932 in Chemistry name of reaction or principle... isotherm/...-blodgett film unit Langmuir, a unit of "exposure" name of societies or journals Langmuir adjective Langmuirian Who is quintuple crown in science? Irving Langmuir ( ) 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 31

32 The Solvay Conferences on Physics The 5th conference "Radiation theory and quantum" was organized by Solvay and Nernst, who was a supervisor of Langmuir. Langmuir and Lewis proposed "Octet Model" of chemical bonds. 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 32

33 The Solvay Conferences on Physics Langmuir Pranck Curie Lorentz Einstein Langevin Debye Knudsen Bragg Dilac Schraedinger Compton de Broglie Pauli Born Heisenberg Bohr The 5th conference "Radiation theory and quantum" was organized by Solvay and Nernst, who was a supervisor of Langmuir. Langmuir and Lewis proposed "Octet Model" of chemical bonds. 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 33

34 Lewis-Langmuir theory assuming "octet" and put electrons at the corners bonds are made to fill up the corners single bond: ridge sharing/double bond: face sharing 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 34

35 Lewis-Langmuir theory Hydrogen cannot fill up all the corners impossible to show triple bonds showing electrons by dots and arrange 8 dots around an atom 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 35

36 a scientific journal, Langmuir published by the American Chemical Society in the field of surface, interface and colloids (physical chemistry) Langmuir ranks #2 in citations out of 121 journals in the category of Physical Chemistry with 84,792 total citations. The journal received an ISI Impact Factor of 3.898, and published 2,000 articles in 2009*. 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 36

37 Langmuir-Blodgett films developing molecules having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts hydrophilic part facing to water/interaction among hydrophobic parts 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 37

38 going out of a light bulb General Electric (GE), founded by Thomas Edison, developed and manufactured light bulbs with tungsten filaments. Tungsten is less volatile due to its high melting point (3407 deg C) and shows high electric resistivity; a good material for filaments. "Impurity" in a bulb leads to going out. Q Why light bulbs with a tungsten filament goes out? What is the impurity? 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 38

39 going out of a light bulb General Electric (GE), founded by Thomas Edison, developed and manufactured light bulbs with tungsten filaments. Tungsten is less volatile due to its high melting point (3407 deg C) and shows high electric resistivity. "Impurity" in a bulb leads to going out A filament becoming thin due to "Langmuir cycle" 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 39

40 Langmuir cycle Water, impurity, is adsorbed on tungsten surface and leads to formation of tungsten oxide (low melting point) and hydrogen. Volatilization of tungsten oxide to be deposited on an inner glass face. Reaction of tungsten oxide with hydrogen produces water leaving tungsten on the glass surface. W H 2 O H 2 WO 3 WO 3 W 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 40

41 contribution of Langmuir research work in GE He found that adsorption of water should be avoided and that filling up inert gas, e.g., argon is effective. considered correlations between pressure of gas and amount of adsorption, leading to "Langmuir isotherm" Langmuir's theory on adsorption applicable to almost all adsorptions, especially those occurring in liquid phase can be derived theoretically often combined with kinetic equation for catalytic (photocatalytic) reactions 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 41

42 adsorption isotherms named after proposers Q Which is a Langmuir isotherm? A Henry Langmuir B amount of adsorption equilibrium pressure/concentration Brunauer- Freundlich Emmett-Teller C D equilibrium pressure/concentration 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 42

43 three assumptions for derivation of Langmuir eq. All the adsorption sites are same in quality, i.e., strength of capturing an adsorbate is constant Only one adsorbate is adsorbed by one site. There is no interaction between sites, i.e., adsorption not influenced by adsorption of neighboring sites des. des. O ads. V O O ads. V V 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 43

44 adsorption equilibrium adsorption equilibrium: same rates of adsorption and desorption Adsorption rate depends on (1) concentration in bulk and (2) number (density) of vacant sites (V) Desorption rate depends on number (density) of occupied sites (O). des. des. O ads. V O O ads. V V 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 44

45 Q: Derive the Langmuir isotherm. Same rate of adsorption and desorption at equilibrium rate of adsorption: r a = k a [v]c rate of desorption: r d = k d [o] k a [v]c = k d [o] k a C [v]/([v]+[o]) = k d [o]/([v]+[o]) k a C (1 - ) = k d KC (1 - ) = =KC/(1 + KC ) vacant site: [v], occupied site: [o], coverage = [o]/([v] + [o]), concentration at equilibrium: C, rate constants: k a and k d, adsorption equilibrium constant: K = k a /k d 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 45

46 today's topic = what is the goal of scientists triple crown (1) simple and easily understandable (2) open for everybody XXX'ed!!! 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 46

47 comments on this lecture and question Please send in Japanese or English within 48 hours to: subject: me xxxxxxxx(your id number) me xxxxxxxx <full name> <nickname> <comments on today's lecture> <question(s): at least one> 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 47

48 sample mail 2015/06/11 Advanced Course in Molecular Environmental Science 48

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