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1 Fight Club The Matrix The Truman Show

2 realism vitual reality actuality realityideality

3 cm

13 Fight Club The Matrix The Truman Show p. p. NTT p. p.

14 SUMMARY 65 The function of speech in turn-taking a comparitive study of Japanese native speaker and learner dialogue YOSHIMOTO Yuko In this paper, strategies used to develop discourse in the Japanese language will be investigated by focusing on speech function at the point where the speakers take turns. Analysis of how the speakers take turns will be used as the basis for finding effective strategies for dialogue development. Examination of dialogue between native speakers and learners of Japanese is used to investigate the characteristics of discourse development in turn-taking. Analysis resulted in clarification of the following: Both substantial and adjunctive speech are speech functions observed in turn-taking. For native speakers, adjunctive speech accounts for 50.7% of all speech, demonstrating that in Japanese, adjunctive speech plays an important role in turn-taking. Learners of Japanese used adjunctive speech to a similar extent. Adjunctive speech accounted for 50.9% of all speech for learners; illustrating that such speech patterns are easily assimilated by non-native speakers. Within adjunctive speech, both single function and combination (mono- and polyfunctional) speech are observed. Use of single function speech accounts for 78% for native speakers and 86% for learners, suggesting that single function speech is also the more basic form of adjunctive speech. Back-channels (aizuchi, short verbal response) are most frequently used by native speakers; accounting for 69% of all speech, followed by dialogue initiation, attention indication and attention request, in that order. The frequent use of back-channels was characteristic of native speakers. Thus, back-channels are recognized as an important indicator, allowing for a smooth exchange of speaking rights and are an effective strategy for dialogue development. Learners of Japanese use back-channels much less frequently at 58% and do not request attention as much as native speakers do. Concerning polyfunctional adjunctive speech, it is revealed that native speakers combine various functions of speech and many ways of taking turns while learners are characterised by less frequent and unvaried use of polyfunctional adjunctive speech. Mastery of these uses of speech is thought to be a major hurdle in Japanese language acquisition.

Analysis of how the speakers take turns will be used as the basis for finding effective strategies for dialogue development.

15 66 YOSHIMOTO Yuko 2004

17 68

23 Vol.10 No Vol.7 No Yngve,V.H. (1970) On getting a word in edgemise. Chicago Linguistics Society 6 12 Sacks,H., Scheglaff, E. & Jafferson,G. (1974) A simplest systematic for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language, 50 (4)

NINJAL Project Review Vol.3 No.3

NINJAL Project Review Vol.3 No.3 pp.107 116 March 2013 Learners Spoken Corpus of Japanese and Developmental Sequence of Verbs SAKODA Kumiko 1 C-JAS 2 2.1 1 1 8 13 3 OPI Oral Proficiency Interview 9 10