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9 7) Huxtable, R. J. : The myth of beneficient nature : the risks of herbal preparations. Ann. Intern. Med., 117 : (1992). 8) Dukes, M. N. G. : Drugs used in non-orthodox medicine. Aronson, J. K. and Van Boxtel, C. J. (Ed.) : SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUGS ANNUAL 18, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp (1995). 9) Ries, C. A. and Sahud, M. A. : Agranulocytosis caused by Chinese herbal medicines : dangers of medications containing Aminopyrine and Phenyl butazone. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 231 : (1975). 10) Beuers, U., Spengler, U. and Pape, G. R.: Hepati tis after chronic abuse of senna. Lancet, 337 : (1991). 11) Tai, Y., But, P. P., Young, K., et al. : Cardiotox icity after accidental herb-induced aconite poi soning. Lancet, 340 : (1992). 12) Harvey, J. and Colin-Jones, D. G. : Mistletoe hep atitis. Br. Med. J., 282 : (1981). 13) MacGregor, F. B., Abernethy, V. E., Dahabra, S., et al. : Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. Br. Med. J., 299 : (1989). 14) Larrey, D., Vial, T., Pauwels, A., et al. : Hepatitis after Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) admin istration : another instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity. Ann. Intern. Med., 117 : (1992). 15) Woolf, G. M., Petrovic, L. M., Rojter, S. E., et al. : Acute hepatitis associated with the Chinese herbal product Jin Bu Huan. Ann. Intern. Med., 121 : (1994). 16) Gordon, D. W., Rosenthal, G., Hart, J., et al. : Chaparral ingestion : the broading spectrum of liver injury caused by herbal medications. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 273 : (1995). 17) De Smet, P. A. G. M., Keller, K., Hansel, R., et al. (Ed.) : Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs 1, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1992). 18) De Smet, P. A. G. M., Keller, K., Hansel, R., et al. (Ed.) : Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs 2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1993). 19) Koff, R. S. : Herbal Hepatotoxicity : Revisiting a dangerous alternative. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 273 : 502 (1995). 20) De Smet, P. A. G. M. : Scutellaria Species. De Smet, P. A. G. M., Keller, K., Hansel, R., et al. (Ed.) : Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs 2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp (1993).

10 49) Edwards, I. R. : Personal communication (Febru ary 29, 1996). 50) Kessler, D. A. : Introducing MEDWatch. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 269 : (1993). 52) Tsutani, K. : The evaluation of herbal medi cines : an east Asian perspective. Lewith, G. T. and Aldridge, D. (Ed.) : Clinical Research Metho dology for Complementary Therapies, Hodder & Stoughton, London, pp (1993). 53) De Smet, P. A. G. M. : An introduction to herbal pharmacoepidemiology. J. Ethnopharmacol., 38 : (1993). 55) Tsutani, K.: MEDDRA-View from Japan. D' Arcy, P. F. and Harron, D. W. G. (Ed.) : Proceed ings of the Third International Conference on Harmonisation, The Queen's University of Bel fast, Belfast (1996). (in press) FORUM Hepatic Injury Induced by Scutellaria Species and Hepatic Dysfunction Caused by Kampo Formulations Including Ogon (Scutellariae Radix) Akifumi YAFUNE*1'2 and Kiichiro TSUTANI*3 (Received on April 10, 1996) *1 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bio-Iatric Center, the Kitasato Institute Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan *2 Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo *3 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Information Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University There has been an increasing number of clinical reports in the West to suggest that hepatotoxic reactions can be induced by herbal preparations including skullcap of

11 645 Scutellaria species. In Japan, the root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellariae Radix) is used under the name of Ogon, which is included in many kinds of Kampo formulations, such as Sho-saiko-to widely used for treating hepatic disorders. Reviewing the Informa tion on Adverse Reactions to Drugs published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, we found 22 cases of liver and biliary system reactions caused by Kampo formula tions from 1989 through 1993, and in 20 of the cases, six types of Kampo formulations including Ogon were suspected as the cause of the reactions. In two clinical reports of pulmonary damage due to Sho-saiko-to, Lymphocyte Stimulation Test indicated that Ogon was the causative factor for the damage. Although there have been no reports to indicate that Ogon can actually cause liver damage, the results of our review strongly suggest the necessity for surveillance of the possibility of hepatotoxic reactions caused by Ogon. Key words : hepatotoxicity, herbal preparation, Kampo formulation, Ogon, Scutellariae Radix

Kyushu Communication Studies 第２号

Kyushu Communication Studies 第２号 Kyushu Communication Studies. 2004. 2:1-11 2004 How College Students Use and Perceive Pictographs in Cell Phone E-mail Messages IGARASHI Noriko (Niigata University of Health and Welfare) ITOI Emi (Bunkyo