直噴ガソリンエンジンにおける混合気形成と燃焼

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1 Mixture Formation and Combustion in Direct Injection Gasoline Engines Makoto Koike Recent direct injection gasoline engines have remarkably improved specific fuel consumption and increased power. These direct injection gasoline engines have a high pressure common rail fuel injection system to operate a mixed strategy using early injection at high load and late injection at low load. Mixture formation and combustion process in these engines are described in this paper. First, engine operating design concepts are shown and compared with classic ones. Next, general fuel system requirements are explained. Fuel vaporization and fuel/air mixing in a cylinder are discussed, based on the fuel property and the theory of momentum. Methods for mixture preparation are introduced, being sorted by the utilization of charge flow and piston crown which dominate the mixture formation. Finally, the combustion process and engine performance of both stratified mode and homogeneous mode are explained. Based on the review of technical publications, the trends and directions of the development of direct injection gasoline engines are discussed.

2 DB601 ( ) SL ( ) TCP ( Texaco Combustion Process ) NO x Witzky TCPTCCS ( Texaco Combustion Controlled System ) FCP ( Ford Combustion Process PROCO ( Programmed Combustion System ) ) MAN-FM MCP ( Mitsubishi Combustion Process ) IDI ( ) MAN-FM GDI ( VW:Gasoline Direct Injection ) NA:Naturally Aspirated TC:Turbocharged SC:Supercharged Chronological history of direct injection gasoline engines. Comparison of maximum BMEP.

3 3 2 SPI ( Single Point Injection ) ( MPI;Multi Point Injection ) HC NO x ( ) DI Combustion map of Toyota direct injection system.

4 1970 EFI EFI EFI 6000rpmTDC BDC 5ms 3 SMD ( Sauter Mean Diameter ) SMD20µm 5 8MPa SMD EFI MPa Injection pressure and spray angle of current swirl injector.

5 n-c 7 H 16 n-c 16 H 34 ( MPI ) HC A/F A/F p ρ aα / d t 0.5 (1) Comparison of saturation pressure and cylinder pressure. p ρ a α ( 1.7 ) d 1/3 1/4 1/10 1/20 A/F 1/3 1/6 1/8 1/158 15

6 rpm 1/2 4 5 MBT 1990 TCCS Spray Guided Fig. 6 Benz MPI Classification of mixture preparation for stratified charge.

7 Benz Air Guided FEV Witzky FEV Wall Guided ( ) S/V Ricardo ( ) AVL Ricardo ( ) DMI ( AVL:Direct Mixture Injection ) LIF ( Laser-Induced Fluorescence )

8 NO x HC HC HC ( ) Heywood HCHC HC HC ( MPI ) Comparison of heat release rate.

9 EGR NO x NO x NO x EGR EGR EGR 40 EGR NO x 90 EGR NO x NO x NO x NO x NO x LEV ULEV 80 NO x 2g/kWh 60 1g/kWh NO x EGR HC EGR NO x HC EGR HC 50K 10 ( ) EGR 4000rpm, WOT, λ = 0.9 Required NO x conversion efficiency. Effect on full load performance.

10 10 HC ( ) HC HC NO x LIF Reduction of HC during cold start IDI MPa NO x HC

11 1) Davis, C. W., et al. : SAE Trans., 69(1961), 120 2) Witzky, J. E. : Automotive Engineer, Februay, 1968, 62 3) Alperstein, M., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Bishop, I. N. and Simko, A. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Simko, A., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Meurer, J. S. and Urlaub, A. C. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Miyake, M. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Emmenthal, K. D., et al. : MTZ, (1989), 9 9), 3 : 73, No.2334(1995) 10), 3 : 965(1996), ), 3 : 971(1997), ), 3 : 12, (1995), ) Andriesse, D. and Ferrari, A. : Conf. Engine and Environment, (1997), 93 14) Tanasawa, Y. and Toyoda, S. : Rep. Tohoku Unv., - 1(1956) 15), :, 77(1952), 37 16) :, 80(1953), 56 17) Saito, A., et al. : ICLASS-85, 1, B/3(1985), 1 18) Shelby, M. H., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Hoffman, J. A., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Xu, M. and Markle, L. E. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Parrish, S. E. and Farrell, P. V. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Evers., L. W. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Dodge, L. G. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Tomoda, T., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ), 4 :, -4(1998) 26), 5 : 982(1998), ) Shiraishi, T., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Han, Z., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap.Ser., No ), 3 : 965(1996), ) Frank, R. M. and Heywood, J. B. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Karl, G., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Grigo, M., et al. : Fortschr Ber VDI Reihe 12(1997), 84 33) Ohsuga, M., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Lake, T. H., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap.Ser., No ) Wirth, M., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Houston, R. and Cathcart, G. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Fraidl, G. K., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Kano, M., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Toyota Press Information 96(1996) 40) Kume, T., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Fujikawa, T., et al. : COMODIA98, (1998) 42), 4 : 14, (1997), ), 4 : 982(1998), ) Pontppidan, M., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Kuwahara, K., et al., : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Harada, J., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Jacson, N. S., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Mundorff, F., et al. : 971(1997), ) Frank, R. M. and Heywood, J. B. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Preussner, C., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Nohira, H. and Ito, S. : Conf. Engine and Environment, (1997), ), 3 : 971(1997), ) : 73 V, No.96-1(1996),317 54) Lake, T. H., et al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser., No ) Peters, A. and Putz, W. : MTZ Motortech. Z., (1997), 12 56) Christmann, U., et al. : MTZ Motortech. Z., (1997), 9 57) Willmann, M., et al. : MTZ Motortech. Z., (1996), 11 58), 3 : TOYOTA Tech. Rev., - 1(1997) 59), 3 : 982(1998), 13 60) Fraidl, G., et al. : Conf. Engine and Environment, (1997), ) Noma, K., er al. : SAE Tech. Pap. Ser. No ) Fraidl, G., et al. : Fortschr Ber VDI Reihe, (1997), 60

Table 2 DENSO Port Injection Fuel Injectors Fig.1 Port Fuel Injection System and Module 1996 CO ポート噴射システム 1 ( 1) HC 2 UC [2] (

Table 2 DENSO Port Injection Fuel Injectors Fig.1 Port Fuel Injection System and Module 1996 CO ポート噴射システム 1 ( 1) HC 2 UC [2] ( 52 161 2010 189-197 Journal of the Combustion Society of Japan Vol.52 No.161 (2010) 189-197 FEATURE Evolution of Element and Peripheral Technologies in Engine Combustion 燃料噴射系製品のこれまでの歩みと将来の展望 History and