FizAtm2_09ElanskiiLO

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1 13ｨ ｨ ｨｪｨ ｨｹ ｨｺ ｨ ｨ ｨ ｨｪ02ｨｦ050600ｨｺ01 ｨ ｨｦ , 2009, , 6ｧ8 2, ｨC231 ｨｬ ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｨC ｦ ｨ ｦ apple0ｸ ｨｦ ｦ0 ｨｺ , ｦ0, ｨｨ0ｸ apple., 3 n.f.elansky@mail.ru ｨｨ ｦ0 6 5 apple00 6ｦ0010ｷ3090ｸ , apple6ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ009030ｸ800 apple ｦ0030ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0, 6 50ｸ ｸ ｨC ｨｦ00 fl6 502fl000306fl 0ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ0 ｨｺ apple ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ004016ｦ003, fl ｦ0apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ004016ｦ003 (IAMAS). ｨｦ030ｹ ｸ802 apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ0 XXIV apple6ｦ ｦ006066ｦ ｦ0apple ｹ ｹ ｸ9096ｦ0 (IUGG) ｨｪapple apple000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｨC apple apple6ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 (ｨｨ01ｨｦ) ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ apple ｨC [1ｨC3]. ｨｺ flapple000ｸ apple000009fl ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03: ｸ apple ｦ0040ｹ ｦ0000ｷ30909 ( ) ｨC ｨ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ ｨｦ ｦ0 ｨｺ0204 (ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204) (43.7 N, , ｦ0 04apple. 0307applefl), apple07-ｨｨ0702flapple ｹ ｦ0 ｨｺ0204 (68.0 N, ), ｸ ｹ ｨ ｦ0 ｨｺ0204 (51.2 N, ) ｦ0000ｷ309fl apple ｸ8 ｨｺ06, ｸ90ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ ｨｺ, ｨC 056ｦ (54.5 N, 37.5 E) 09 ｨｰ (59.6 N, ) ｦ0000ｷ apple ｦ0000ｸ ｸ ｦ009076ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00307apple6ｦ00309 Dasibi, apple0ｸ800 08apple apple flapple00040ｸ9 016ｦ00209 apple apple apple ｦ000 6ｦ0apple0304 ENV 03-41M 6ｧ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ1036ｦ ｨｹ ｨｨapple ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0000ｷ30906, apple6ｦ ｸ apple07 6ｦ apple fl03: ｦ0 ｨC ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204, apple04 000ｸ806 ｨC apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple ｹ apple6 56ｦ00307apple0909, ｨｪ ｨC ｨ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ8 05ｨｦ ｨｺ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｸ8 6 5 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple07 6ｦ apple096ｦ ｸ803 0ｷ apple076 5 ｨｺ [2ｨC6]. 046ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ800 6ｦ000000ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0000ｷ30906 ｨ 0602 ｨｺ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple ｹ apple6 56ｦ00307apple0909 (0902ｨｦ), apple090300apple ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ0, fl0ｸ ｦ0apple036ｦ ｦ0 1 ｨｨ00apple04 086ｦ0, ｨ 036ｦ00209fl 2ｨC13 090ｸ902fl / ｨｺ00. ｨ.ｨ , apple ｷ : ｨｨapple000606, (006ｦ0 6ｦ fl09.) (Russian National Report. Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences. 2003ｨC2006. / Eds. I.I. Mokhov and A.A. Krivolutsky. National Geophysical Committee RAS. Moscow: MAX Press, p.). 08apple09apple ｦ00009fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｸ8 [5, 7]. 0502fl 016ｦ00209 apple apple09 07apple076 5, ｸ90ｸ ｦ0 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｦ003 apple6ｦ ｹ apple09006ｦ , ｦ00206fl, 016ｦ001 08apple6ｦ , 06036ｦ000 6ｦ0apple03 006ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 0ｹ ｹ apple0702fl (056ｦ ｨｨ000300apple 04apple6 7). 076ｦ009076ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00307apple0ｸ8 ｨ 0602 ｨｺ ｨｦ 016ｦ00209 apple076 56ｦ apple apple ｦ000 6ｦ0apple fl ｹ fl apple070603apple6ｦ apple ｨｮ ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple ｦ apple00 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple ｨｺ apple ｹ apple ｸ8 TROICA (Transcontinental Observations Into the Chemistry of the Atmosphere) ｦ apple apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 ｨｪｨｺｨｦ apple ｨC apple apple09 0ｹ apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｷ3096ｦ apple036ｦ , 05ｨｰ fl , apple0ｸ applefl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 09 apple ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 08apple ｸ ｦ ｦ0 ( 6 56ｦ008 0ｸ8 ｨC ) apple ｦ ｦ0 (03apple070001apple6ｦ003000ｸ ｨB apple ｹ apple07 6ｦ ) [8ｨC10]. ｨｺ flapple apple ｦ0 020ｸ fl 6 500apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ apple apple00 006ｦ0 066ｦ ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｨ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ8 05ｨｦ ｨｺ0204 (ｨ ｨｦ02 05ｨｦ ｨｺ0204) ｹ ｸ ｸ803 0ｹ ｷ ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ ｸ fl ｦ ｦ ｸ fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｹ [11, 12] apple ｦ apple09 07apple apple000009fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl03. ｨｨ00apple ｨC ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ apple ｦ0, apple0ｸ806 apple apple09apple076 56ｦ002 0ｸ , apple ｦ0apple6ｦ apple0ｸ8, ｸ800 02fl 6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ apple08apple00036ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803: ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 6 76ｦ apple , apple0ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ1apple , apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ apple TROICA. ｨ

2 13ｨｨapple ｸ , ppbv ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ( ｦ0 04apple. 0307applefl) 1989ｨC ｨｺ apple ｹ0000ｸ apple fl0ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0000ｷ ｦ0 0800apple ｦ0 020ｸ ｨC ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 08apple ｦ ｸ ｸ806 03apple0000 apple6ｦ ｨC 0.65 ﾀ 0.10% ｨC apple ｦ0006ｦ0 0800apple ｦ0fl 026ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple09fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple00apple0ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ ｹ ｸ9 fl6 502fl000306fl apple flapple006ｦ0fl ( ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple6ｦ003 6ｦ ｦ003090ｹ ｦ0fl) 016ｦ00209 apple ｦ0 08apple09 07apple ｦ000000ｸ apple ｹ000apple ｨ apple apple on-line [9, 13]. 046ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ0fl apple ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ ｨ ｨｦ02 05ｨｦ ｨｺ0204 [14] apple ｦ008apple6ｦ ｨC apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ80603apple ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ009076ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00307apple6ｦ0 02fl apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple0ｸ803 apple ｦ ｨｨ00apple6 50ｸ806 0ｹ flapple 036ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0040ｹ ｦ ｹ ｨｹ. 016ｦ0apple ｦ0 [15, 16]. ｨｨapple09 07apple ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ0020ｸ apple apple006ｦ06 709apple076 56ｦ00009fl ( 0006fl030ｸ ｸ8) ｦ0020ｸ803 apple6ｦ apple0703 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0 ( apple076 5). ｨｴ fl ｦ apple09 07apple 02fl apple000009fl 0304apple ｸ ｦ0 ( apple ｨC Nｨｦ x, 04Cl 09 apple. 6 76ｦ ) ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0-0ｹ06ｦ apple flapple000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl 0304apple ｸ ｦ ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ apple ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ ｹ ｸ apple ｨC ｦ ｦ0applefl apple flapple000ｸ ｦ00209 apple ｦ ｦ0- apple07 000ｸ ｦ000 6ｦ0apple036ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｦ000000ｸ803, ｹ06ｦ000030ｸ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl , , ｦ0, apple04 000ｸ806, apple07, ｸ apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 (ｨｪｨｺｨｦ090102) ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple apple ｨ fl ｹ ｦ ｹ ｦ0030ｸ806 08apple ｸ ｨｺ applefl 6ｦ000000ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple (apple ). 046ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ , ｦ fl fl0206fl ｸ806 03apple0000 ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple6ｦ ｨC1.35 ﾀ 0.07% ｨC1, 6ｦ ｨC0.75 ﾀ 0.08% ｨC1 (apple ). ｨ apple , 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ806 03apple0000 ｨC1.3 ﾀ 0.08% ｨC1. ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000fl0ｸ90306fl ｹ009fl ｸ apple000ｸ ｦ0000ｷ30906, apple ｦ ｷ ｦ06 56ｦ00206fl ｸ803 [6, 17, 18] ｦ fl ｦ00003apple ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl 6 707apple ｦ0fl 0ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ309fl 00026ｦ00ｸ903 0ｹ ｦ0000ｷ3090ｸ fl ｹ fl 08apple070ｷ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ06ｦ apple00apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ30909 CO, NO, NO ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｹ1apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｹ fl apple6ｦ009000ｸ803 apple ｦ ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ [6, 17, 19]. 05 0ｹ06ｦ , 0ｸ apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｸ ｦ apple apple090109, ｦ0030ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ00ｹ1apple ｨ, 006ｦ007 07apple0703, ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ , 08apple apple6ｦ apple07080ｸ ｹ ｨｬ01apple6ｦ009000ｸ8. ｨｬ ｹ ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ0-0ｷ30909, ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｨC25 ppb, 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ fl 02fi006ｦ00309, 07 apple6ｦ009040ｸ90ｸ fl 08apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple00 036ｦ0 [20]. ｨ fl ｦ0, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｸ ｦ003090ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ apple apple fl ｦ06 7applefl ｦ apple , 6 50ｸ8fl ｸ apple076ｦ0006ｦ

3 ｦ K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO, ppm 450 K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO 2, ppm K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CH 4, ppm ｦ apple apple ｨｨ00apple ｦ00300apple apple ｨｦ (6ｦ0) ( ) ｨｴ ｷ30909 TROICA-3, 8 ( ｸ apple0907 ) apple apple6ｦ flapple ｦ0, 6 7apple6ｦ0. ｨ apple ｨｬ026ｦ000-ｨｬ 0ｹ1 100 ｨｮ09036ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple ｨｺ ｨｨapple070603apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ, 05ｨｦ 2, ｦ ｸ806 (6ｦ0) ｸ apple0907 ( ). ｨｦ06apple ｸ8. K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO, ppm 450 K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CO 2, ppm K07000ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl CH 4, ppm ｦ apple apple ｨｨ00apple ｦ00300apple apple ｨｴ ｷ30909 TROICA-5, 7 ( ｸ apple0907 ) ｨｦ apple apple6ｦ flapple ｦ0, 6 7apple6ｦ0. ｨ apple ｨｬ026ｦ000-ｨｬ 0ｹ1 100 ｨｮ09036ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ803 04apple fl apple fl [6]. ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0 006ｦ % 6 5apple apple ｦ ｦ fl00090ｸ9 096ｦ06 7applefl , apple ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ apple0ｸ8. 046ｦ0-020ｸ fl 006ｦ , 036ｦ apple6ｦ , 6ｦ00ｸ apple- 036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 08apple ｸ apple ｦ ｦ fl apple apple0ｸ8. ｨ fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ8 036ｦ apple ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ00309 [21]. ｨｨapple09 08apple ｸ803 02apple ｨｨ01ｨｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl 006ｦ ppb, 6ｦ0 096ｦ ｹ ｹ06ｦ apple apple6ｦ006036ｦ ｦ0 5ｨC 10 ppb ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl apple fl apple ｦ0. ｨｪ6ｦ fl090ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ004090ｸ8 09 apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ0 0603apple090300apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ apple07 036ｦ ｦ ｨB0003 6ｦ000000ｸ803, apple0ｸ fl ｸ8fl ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ ｦ0apple ｹ apple07036ｦ ｦ0fl 0600apple09fl apple6ｦ fl0ｸ700006ｦ fl ｸ9 006ｦ ｹ apple ｹ apple6ｦ009000ｸ ｸ8 [22ｨC25]. 05 0ｹ06ｦ , ｦ0-096ｦ00007, 0ｹ apple0309apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｦ00300apple096ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｦ00307apple apple000ｸ apple ｸ ｦ006060ｸ ｦ0-6ｦ00ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple apple ｦ0000ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple076 5, ｹ ｦ ｸ803 02apple , 08apple ｹ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ apple070ｷ ｸ fl03 006ｦ ｦ ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ0 apple ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03. ｨｺ006 7apple ｦ0fl , apple ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ ｦ0, ｦ apple apple6ｦ0, 07 ｨBfl0600fl0003, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 07 70% 006ｦ0-020ｸ9 6ｦ ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple07 [26] ｦ ｹ apple070ｷ fl apple ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0000ｷ309fl0309 [25, 27]. ｨ ｹ appleapple0002fl0ｷ309fl 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ apple ｦ0036ｦ00309 apple6ｦ0060ｹ fl03 CHIMERE 09 LOTOS 02fl 0ｹ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ0026ｦ0, apple09 0ｹ ｦ0026ｦ0 09 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0060ｹ ｸ ｦ0-020ｸ9 6ｦ000030ｸ ｦ00ｹ [28, 29] ｨC apple ｸ8 03apple09 0ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ06 56ｦ0 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｸ7000ｸ apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 ｨｪｨｺｨｦ (0504ｨ ｨ apple apple6ｦ apple036ｦ0 09 ｨ 0602 ｨｺ0204), apple apple ｦ apple09 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ70903 apple ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ803 0ｷ apple076 5 [9]. ｨ apple000009fl 08apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0, ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ , 6ｦ00ｹ1apple , apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple apple ｨｪapple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｷ apple , ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple0703fl ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 08apple ｸ8 6 5 apple6ｦ ｦ003 [3, 6, 9] ｸ803 apple ｦ0036ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ , ｸ apple ｦ0 apple flapple ｹ06ｦ fl 08apple006 50ｸ8046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl ｸ806 04apple ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0, 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple apple0ｸ8 apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple apple , 096ｦ fl0ｸ ｦ0, 6 5apple apple ｹ [8, 13, 30]. 05 0ｹ06ｦ , ｦ0apple , 0ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ30909 ｨｦ 3, 05ｨｦ, 05ｨｦ apple0003fl ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ008apple6ｦ (apple ). ｨｦ ｸ803 08apple090ｹ ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple0ｸ8, 006ｦ ｹ06ｦ006030ｸ ｹ apple09 [31].

4 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ ｨｨ ｦ0fl 016ｦ0apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl 09 02fl 0ｹ ｨｦ, 05ｨｦ ｹ06 50ｸ8 09 apple6ｦ ｨｦ0ｷ ｹ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ Rn apple6ｦ00304apple apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ fl 0800apple ｦ00009fl 6 5 0ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA [9] ｹ0000ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｹ apple , 0ｹ ｸ800 0ｹ fl 07apple006ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｷ ｦ apple6 50ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA ｹ000000ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ800 02fl ｨｺ ｷ ｦ00003apple ｸ803 0ｹ apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ , ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ fl apple00-6ｦ apple ｦ0 [32]. ｨ apple000009fl CFC-11 (CCl 3 F), CFC-12 (CCl 2 F 2 ), CFC-113 (CCl 2 FCClF 2 ), CCl 4, CHCCl 3 09 Halon-1211 (CBrClF 2 ) 08apple ｸ ｨｪapple6ｦ ｦ ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｹ apple0003fl 006ｦ0 020ｸ fl 05FC-12 08apple ｸ , 0ｹ ｸ70008apple0900fl030ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ ｸ ｦ0, , 06040ｸ ｦ ｸ8. 046ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ0 09 6ｦ00ｹ1apple ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0 026ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｨ ｨｦ02 05ｨｦ ｨｺ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 09 6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ000070ｹ06ｦ ｷ3 [11, 33]. 0500apple07fl030007, 0ｹ , 09 6ｦ00ｹ1apple apple6ｦ009040ｸ903-06fl apple ｸ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ fl ｦ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ ｦ ｸ apple000009fl ｸ8fl apple ｹ ｨｨ01ｨｦ, ｸ , 09 08apple fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 (016ｦ001 08apple6ｦ , ｹ ) ｦ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ apple [12, 34]. ｨｨapple apple6ｦ ｸ806 6ｦ0006ｦ (036ｦ ｦ0 09apple076 56ｦ ) ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ0 006ｦ apple ｦ0000ｷ30906 EMEP ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ fl ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0 [26]. ｨｴ ｦ0 096ｦ ｦ apple070603apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl 06036ｦ000-0ｷ apple6ｦ000090ｷ ｦ0. ｨｨ07 apple apple6ｦ apple00006ｦ0 apple apple ｦ ｦ ｷ ｸ ｸ fl0309fl ｦ ｸ803 03apple6ｦ apple03000ｸ ｦ0096ｦ0006ｦ fl ｦ ｦ00209fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ fl0ｹ apple [25, 27] ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ0000ｷ30906 NOAA ｸ8fl ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ803 03apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 [35]. 0502fl 006 5apple ｦ0000ｷ ｸ8fl ｸ8 08apple090ｹ009000ｸ8 0207apple- 0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl 0ｹ ｸ ｨｨ01ｨｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ ｹ000036ｦ ｦ00003apple ｸ ｦ apple ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ fl 006ｦ fl 096ｦ06 7applefl apple ｹ fl0309 [36ｨC39] ｨｦ apple07 6ｦ apple07030ｸ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 ｨ 6ｦ ｸ8 08apple ｸ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｨｦ0ｹ ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 6ｦ0026ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl ｦ0, apple000009fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl096ｦ000000ｸ apple (05ｨｦ, SO 2, CH 4, NH 3, ｦ ｸ apple , 6ｦ00ｹ1apple ) fl ｸ apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ009apple ( ) apple6ｦ0-02fl ｦ apple ｨｮ ｹ ｦ fl apple ｦ ｸ803 08apple apple6ｦ0, apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8, apple apple ｹ apple6ｦ0 09-6ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ8fl ｨBfl applefl 0ｹ , 6 50ｸ ｦ000000ｸ803 6ｦ ｸ apple , 6 500apple ｦ ｸ apple ｦ apple ｦ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple [5, 40]. 01apple apple6ｦ0 090ｷ ｸ803 02fl 6 707apple07 6ｦ0 070ｷ apple ｨｮ ｹ , 0ｸ ｸ8fl ｸ ｦ0000ｸ apple0ｸ ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ8. 046ｦ008apple090300apple, 08apple09 08apple apple apple ｦ0, apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl apple ｸ9, 08apple ｸ apple6ｦ00009fl ｦ ｹ apple ｦ0000ｷ309fl03, 6 50ｸ8 apple6ｦ0060ｸ8-6 56ｦ000030ｸ ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ ｨC200 03, ｦ fl apple , 08apple fl 01 apple ｹ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ30906 NO x, CO, 066ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple fl 09 apple ｦ06 7applefl0900fl0ｸ90ｸ apple , 006ｦ007 07apple0703, ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 [41] ｦ ｸ8026ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl, 08apple ｦ0fl ｷ apple0909 0ｹ , 036ｦ0- apple6ｦ apple ｸ90ｸ fl 6 50ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl0309 ｨｨ01ｨｦ apple apple 000ｸ80309 ( ppb) 02fl ｸ fi 0701apple [5]. ｨｦ ｸ apple090ｹ009006ｦ ｹ fl fl 0ｸ ｦ0apple016ｦ0fl ｹ0006ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ apple apple ｹ fl0ｷ apple apple02fl , 0ｸ apple0ｸ apple ｹ ｦ apple07 6ｦ ｹ009006ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl ｨｨ01ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03 0ｸ ｹ , 0ｹ apple apple0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl 6ｦ ｦ0 0409apple ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｷ30906, ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｨｴ010603apple00036ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ ｦ ｸ9 apple6ｦ009000ｸ800 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909, apple0ｸ800, fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｸ8 08apple09 07apple , ｦ0 020ｸ fl 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ , apple0ｸ803 6ｦ0006ｦ apple040ｸ90306fl 08apple070ｷ ｸ8, 0708apple fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0 006ｦ ｨB ｸ803 6ｦ0apple ｦ000000ｸ apple076 56ｦ ｦ ｦ00009fl 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ0 6 5 apple apple07-6ｦ003, 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , 6 5 ｨｪ , 02086ｦ ｦ003, ｨｬ026ｦ000-ｨｬ 0ｹ1 [2, 4, 23, 33, 42, 43]. 030ｸ80603apple0ｸ806 apple apple6ｦ ｦ , 0409apple ｦ ｸ apple0ｸ90ｹ ｦ009070ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00300apple096ｦ , 026ｦ , 01apple6ｦ , 06apple ｸ ｸ ｦ apple apple000ｸ fl ｹ ｦ06 56ｦ apple ｦ apple00apple0ｸ apple ｸ8 apple ｦ apple04 apple006ｦ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ000090ｹ ｨｴ apple ｸ ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple07-

5 ｦ ｦ ｦ003. ｨｦ 0ｹ applefl03 006ｦ0 020ｸ fl 6 5 0ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA, apple ｦ ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple ｨｪ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ apple apple apple07 6ｦ003 [9, 14, 43]. 056ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ apple- 08 6ｦ00ｸ90306fl 0ｹ ｸ80309 apple6ｦ0060ｹ000036ｦ ｨｨapple090300apple ｦ fl6 502fl000306fl 07 ｨBfl ｸ ppb ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple apple07 6ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0apple apple6ｦ0fl, apple0ｸ ｸ apple0907 (090ｸ90200ｨC6ｦ ) apple flapple ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ0-0ｸ90306fl ｦ06 7applefl ｦ , 08apple ｨｹ apple0009 [30] ｨ ｦ001066ｦ0 ｨｨ026ｦ000016ｦ0 (0700apple036ｦ00009fl,) 08apple ｸ ｦ00009fl ｹ , 05ｨｦ ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｺ [44]. 05 0ｹ apple ｦ003 TROICA apple6ｦ apple07 0ｸ8, apple0ｸ800 0ｸ apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ8 006ｦ apple086ｦ , 18 ｨｦ 09 D. ｨｨ ｸ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ ｦ00003apple ｸ ｸ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple ｦ0036ｦ fl 07016ｦ0096ｦ , 0ｹ apple006 50ｸ ｦ ｦ0 6 7apple6ｦ000090ｷ36ｦ003 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple ｹ ｷ apple fl ｷ apple04 apple ｦ0 0702fl 0300apple ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0030ｸ8-6 56ｦ000030ｸ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ %. 046ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｹ fl ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ ｨｪapple6ｦ ｦ apple fl0009fl 0ｸ fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ006060ｸ ｹ ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｨｺ , apple086ｦ00ｸ apple ｸ apple000009fl, apple flapple ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ0, ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｸ apple , apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple [8, 9]. 2. ｨｦ apple6ｦ apple apple ｨｦ 0ｸ apple086ｦ ｨｨapple ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl apple090ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ0000ｷ ｨｦ ｸ fl ｷ3096ｦ ｦ ｹ apple6 56ｦ00307apple0909 0ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ ｸ806016ｦ ｹ apple , fl0ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ apple00apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple000009fl 07 0ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ0 (ｨｦ05ｨｦ) 08apple ｦ apple076 50ｸ apple , 0703apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｹ0006ｦ0fl apple ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ fl apple fl , 0ｹ ｸ apple00apple0ｸ apple070209apple076 56ｦ fl ｦ0-020ｸ apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple apple ｦ apple0ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ fl [45] fl ｸ9 0800apple ｦ00ｸ fl apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0000ｸ ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8, 08apple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple076 50ｸ803 08apple09 07apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple ｦ ｸ apple apple, apple0ｸ806 apple apple09apple apple0ｸ8 08applefl apple6ｦ fl ｹ ｹ fl ｦ0086ｦ ｨC apple6ｦ009apple apple09 0ｹ ｷ ｨｨapple09 07apple fl applefl0300 ｨｦ05ｨｦ, apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ applefl030706, apple6ｦ fl ｦ0apple ｨｬ06 apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ30909, apple6ｦ006060ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ apple apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ ｦ0086ｦ ｦ003 ｨｬ ｨｬ06-02, 0ｹ1apple ｸ9 apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple ｹ ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ1apple fl ｦ0086ｦ ｨC ｨｦ080ｸ803000ｸ apple6ｦ0090ｷ30ｸ apple apple6ｦ0 08apple fl ｸ8036ｦ00009fl ｨｦ ｦ apple090ｹ ｦ0000ｷ309fl03 [46]. ｨｨapple ｦ apple000009fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｸ7000ｸ apple apple apple0ｸ900apple6ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ0000ｷ309fl , ｨｦ , ｦ ｨｹ apple0907 apple ｸ apple09 07apple ｦ00ｹ06ｦ apple flapple000ｸ apple000009fl 6 5 ｨｪ ｨｦ ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 070ｹ000apple00 006ｦ0fl 016ｦ00209 apple ｦ apple apple apple ｦ000 6ｦ0apple0304 ( apple apple 03apple0ｸ900apple6ｦ0 6ｧ8 17) ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ apple apple apple ｦ apple00 006ｦ fl ｦ apple086ｦ00009fl ｦ ｦ0 NO x. ｨｨ07 6ｦ0006ｦ apple090ｹ ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl NO 2 ｨC ｹ ｦ0, 0708apple fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｷ ｦ0. 05 ｨｺ ｦ0000ｷ30906, fl apple000009fl NO 2 : , ｨ apple07, apple07, ｨｪ , 056ｦ ｦ0apple, ｨｹ ｨｴ ｹ ｦ apple000009fl 08apple fl0306fl 006ｦ0 0800apple ｦ0 07apple6ｦ00307apple0909 (0ｹ apple ｸ8 TROICA) [47ｨC49] ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple0909 0ｸ ｨｺ ｦ0096ｦ002, 0ｹ ｷ309fl ｸ ｷ36ｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ0026ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0 07 apple6ｦ ｸ9 [50]. ｨｺ6ｦ0060ｹ000030ｸ8 08apple070603apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ803 03apple ｹ apple0907 0ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ903, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｹ fl ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｦ apple appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｺ ｦ0 056ｦ ; 6ｦ0 006ｦ ｨC 006ｦ0 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple000ｸ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 06040ｸ ｸ9 apple apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30909 (010505), 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｷ ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ00307apple096ｦ apple6ｦ apple00. ｨｦ 006ｦ0apple , 0ｹ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple0907, 6ｦ0 0703apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ800 ｨC ｨｬ0ｹ ｦ apple ｦ ｸ ｨBfl % ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｹ009000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0 ｨC ｦ ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ apple apple ｸ ｸ8fl ｸ ｸ ｸ800, apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ800 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ009fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ fl03 036ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ [51]. 05 apple6ｦ [52, 53] ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｦ ｸ709040ｸ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ apple ｦ fl ｹ ｦ00307apple6ｦ0. 05 apple6ｦ [54] ｦ000000ｸ803 ｨｦ05ｨｦ 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple ｨｺ ｨC ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ00307 ｰ ｱ apple6ｦ apple00 02apple ｸ ｸ ｸ800 06apple ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ( 00016ｦ0 apple00ｨc036ｦ0apple03) 09006ｦ00ｹ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ. ｰ ｱ 0603apple6ｦ apple00 ｨC ｸ ｦ00ｹ000-

6 13ｨ ｦ00009fl 6ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 ｨｺ fl. ｨｦ ｹ000006ｦ apple ｦ0fl 0ｹ ｸ90ｷ309fl ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｹ00906 ｨｦ05ｨｦ, 6ｦ0 036ｦ fl ｦ00ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ ｹ apple , apple076ｦ003026ｦ ｹ ｦ0apple ｹ ｦ00009fl0309. ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ apple ｹ apple090ｹ ｦ0000ｷ apple ｦ0apple09fl apple ｸ fl 03apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ 02fl 016ｦ fl0ｷ36ｦ fl applefl ｦ0apple03 [55, 56] ｦ apple006 7apple ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｷ apple00 0ｷ309apple flapple ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0 04apple ｨｨ6ｦ0 0603apple ｦ fl 03apple , ｸ fl ｷ3096ｦ0026ｦ0. ｨｺ6ｦ ｹ apple apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ0-026ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 096ｦ0 060ｹ ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ ｸ86 507, 0ｹ ｦ0 03apple ｦ003090ｹ ｹ apple fl ｸ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ806 03apple0000 ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｹ apple fl0ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ 09 ｨｬ06 0ｹ1apple ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ803 07apple ｦ ｸ ｷ309fl03 (00ｨｦ06) 08apple fl 03apple ｹ ｦ ｦ0 0800apple ｨC ( 6ｦ000000ｸ800 TOMS 09 SBUV) [57]. 050ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｹ ｦ ｸ9 09 0ｹ ｦ ｷ309apple010402fl0ｷ ｸ8 (010509, ｨｴ apple.). 0502fl 070ｷ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｦ003 08apple ｦ0 apple006 7apple ｦ0fl , ｦ000006ｦ0fl 006ｦ0 00ｨｦ06 apple6ｦ ｨｨ070603apple ｦ fl ｹ apple ｹ ｷ ｦ0 (ｨｪ09) 006ｦ ｸ , 07 ｨBfl06-00fl0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ000030ｸ fl fl apple6ｦ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0ｷ ｦ0 [58, 59]. ｨｨ07-016ｦ0096ｦ00007, 0ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｹ009036ｦ0fl ｦ0fl 066 5fl ｹ10000apple ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00309 ｨｪ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 08apple090300apple apple07-096ｦ0086ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｨｪ ｦ0006ｦ0, ｹ06ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ0fl 6ｦ apple ｹ ｷ ｦ0, apple6ｦ apple0000 0ｹ fl0009fl ｨｪ09 006ｦ0 apple ｦ ｸ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｦ ｸ8fl ｸ8 096ｦ ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl apple ｨｮ03 apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ003, apple ｸ fl00090ｸ9 ｨｪ09, ｦ003, 006ｦ apple0ｸ fl apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ000fl000306fl. ｨｨ070603apple ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｹ , 040ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl, 006ｦ0applefl ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ apple ｹ , ｸ76ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 03apple ｹ ｷ ｦ ｹ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ00206fl 02fl apple fl applefl 6ｦ0 apple ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ0. ｨｪ ｷ309fl fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ006036ｦ , 08apple090ｹ ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ00206fl ｦ00603fl03, ｹ ｦ00307apple096ｦ ｸ803, 09 apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ0 06apple ｸ apple07030ｸ apple ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ0016ｦ ｷ ｸ80603apple0000, 0ｹ [35, 38, 60]. 046ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple006 7apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 6 56ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30906 ｨｦ05ｨｦ ｦ000000ｸ803 ｨｪｨｦ02S apple6 50ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 08apple070603apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ009apple (1 ﾁ 1.25 ) 016ｦ0apple030ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple apple00026ｦ001066ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0apple ｨｦ05ｨｦ [61]. 050ｸ ｸ8 0ｷ apple0ｸ fl 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｷ fl ｦ ｸ [62]. ｨ ｦ apple ｹ ｦ ｨｦ05ｨｦ fl 06036ｦ0000ｷ30909 ｨ 06060ｸ (05apple00 00flfl fl) [63]. ｨｦ08apple ｸ ｦ apple apple ｹ ｹ ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple ｸ8fl ｸ apple ｹ apple apple07036ｦ003 [64]. 05 apple6ｦ ｦ003 [49, 65ｨC67] ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ30909 ｨ apple ｦ0 0309apple NDACC ｦ0000ｸ8 070ｷ apple ｹ ｸ apple086ｦ00009fl NO ｸ8fl ｦ apple090ｹ ｹ ｦ00307apple6ｦ0 0409apple apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ803 03apple fl apple apple ｦ0apple09fl 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ ｸ800 03apple0000 0ｸ % ｨC1, 6ｦ0 02fl apple apple apple ｦ0apple09fl ｨC 08apple ｸ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ800, 07 ｨC1.1% ｨC ｸ flapple000ｸ apple07036ｦ ｦ0apple apple0000 0ｸ ｦ ｹ ｦ00ｹ009030ｸ ｸ800 03apple0000 0ｸ ｹ06ｦ fl ｸ803. ｨｪ6ｦ001, , apple ｦ0apple ｷ apple ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 03apple NO apple086ｦ NO ｸ8030ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ apple ｹ ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｦ ｸ apple086ｦ NO apple apple07036ｦ ｦ0apple ｸ apple090300apple ｦ0 12%, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ [68]. ｨｨapple ｦ0 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple apple04010ｷ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple apple0703apple ｹ ｦ , ｸ apple ｸ8, ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple fl ｹ0000ｸ ｷ3 0ｹ ｸ apple07 006ｦ fl 0107apple ｹ06ｦ ｨｬ06-B apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ30909, 08apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ9 096ｦ ｸ ｨｦ05ｨｦ [69, 70]. ｨｺ6ｦ006060ｹ009036ｦ0000ｸ ｹ ｷ ｸ8 0107appleapple0002fl0ｷ ｨｦ05ｨｦ ( 6ｦ000000ｸ800 TOMS) ｹ0000ｸ ｷ ( treering-wsl.html), 02fl 03apple0003 apple : ｨｰ ｷ36ｦ0apple09fl, apple000ｸ806 ｨｬapple6ｦ ｨｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl 01070ｹ ｷ appleapple0002fl0ｷ30909(ｨC0.87, ｨC ｨC fl 03apple0003 apple ) ｹ ｦ00ｸ ｹ ｦ fl ｨｦ05ｨｦ apple ｸ ｸ8 6 56ｦ0apple096ｦ00ｷ30909 apple6ｦ ｹ apple ｹ , 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , apple apple ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple apple0907 0ｸ ｨｦ 08apple ｦ0 apple flapple000ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple 00 [71ｨC73] ｦ ｸ9, 0ｹ ｦ0fl 6 50ｸ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ apple09fl 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ ｹ fl ｦ008000ｸ apple ｦ06 502fl- 0ｸ90306fl apple000009fl 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ ｰ ｦ0 ｱ, apple0ｸ ｹ06ｦ ｦ ｹ apple ｦ apple [73, 74].