Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia: Risk - Policies - Capacities

Transcription

1 ｨｬ6 7apple07090ｸ8. ｨｨ ｦ apple09fl 00ｨｴ ｹ apple6ｦ apple fl apple 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0apple apple040909fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 ｨｪ04apple ｦ000 ｨｬ ｦ ｦ06 509fl ｨｺ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｨｬ01apple6ｦ009006ｦ0

2 13ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 ｨC ｦ ｦ0fl ｨｦｨｦ ｦ apple6ｦ fl, ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl apple000207apple036ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ , 07080ｸ8036ｦ0 09 apple000604apple ｷ ｸ ｸ fl 04apple fl ｸ apple ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ fl ｦ applefl0300 apple fl ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ fl. 05 apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple ｦ0 0309apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｸ90306fl 006ｦ0 0ｹ apple ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple apple ｦ0apple030000apple apple0ｸ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ fl ｦ fl 07 fl096ｦ fl 6 50ｸ fl 0ｷ ｸ806fl0ｹ fl ｦ apple6ｦ fl, ｸ90ｹ06ｦ0fl ｦ06 76ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 0ｷ apple6ｦ00ｸ apple fl ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 07 ｨB fl apple apple fl 006ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple fl03, 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｷ ｸ806fl0ｹ fl fl, 08apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909, fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl ｸ90ｹ fl0309 6ｦ apple fl096ｦ apple6ｦ0086ｦ00ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ04, ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04, ｨｨ ｨｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 apple ｦ fl090ｸ8016ｦ003. This brochure is available in Russian and English. Addressing Environmental Risks in Central Asia Risks Policies Capacities Environmental Governance Series Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Moldova Russian Federation Ukraine 056ｦ000006ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl 006ｦ fl090ｸ8016ｦ ｦ0 6 5 ｨ apple ｸ90ｸ ｦ0 apple00066ｦ003: apple0ｸ ｹ000036ｦ0: ｦ000 apple 016ｦ0apple090406, apple6ｦ , ｨｪ00000ｷ30200apple (Adelphi Research) Copyright UNDP ISBN ｨｦ ｦ00007: ｨｺ ｦ ｸ803 0ｸ9apple07 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 02fl 006 5apple07080ｸ ｨｦ ｦ ｦ : EYES-OPEN, Berlin ｨC apple6ｦ00209fl 006ｦ : Jack D. Ives ｨｨ000ｹ06ｦ apple : Oktoberdruck AG, Berlin 046ｦ008000ｹ06ｦ0036ｦ apple , 0700apple036ｦ00009fl

3 ｨｬ6 7apple07090ｸ8. ｨｨ ｦ apple09fl 00 ｨｴ ｹ apple6ｦ apple fl apple 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0apple apple040909fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 ｨｪ04apple ｦ000 ｨｬ ｦ ｦ06 509fl ｨｺ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｨｬ01apple6ｦ009006ｦ0

4 ｨｨapple fl apple ｦ fl ｦ fl apple apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ , ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ fl ｸ8 0ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 apple6ｦ apple ｦ00009fl 08apple090ｹ fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ00009fl 08apple ｦ000030ｸ ｹ apple fl apple070ｹ fl0009fl 006ｦ ｷ ｦ ｹ ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｦ0-03apple096 56ｦ apple ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ fl6 502fl000306fl 0307, 0ｹ ｦ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｸ apple090ｹ ｦ apple000604apple , 6ｦ ｦ ｦ00009fl ｦ0apple ｦ apple ｸ800 apple fl ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple ｨｨapple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple09apple07 000ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0fl 08apple ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909, apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｸ90ｸ fl apple000604apple , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｨC 096ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 ｨC 08apple ｸ ｷ309036ｦ ｸ803 06apple fl 08apple fl ｸ803 apple000207apple ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ00009fl 0ｸ apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ apple fl ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ000000ｸ ｹ apple ｦ06 502fl apple036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ803, ｷ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ00009fl 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ apple ｷ ｦ ｸ800 08apple090ｹ009000ｸ fl 08apple , ｸ806016ｦ00300 apple fl 006ｦ appleapple apple ｦ0 6ｦ008036ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｸ90ｸ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｨC 08apple ｨC apple ｸ ｸ ｦ apple , 08apple ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ003016ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ fl ｸ7000ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ00009fl 08apple apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ apple ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｸ ｸ ｷ36ｦ003, ｸ ｦ0 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ , ｦ0apple07 000ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ0-0ｷ309fl ｹ ｦ ｸ8fl apple ｸ fl , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple apple6ｦ002090ｹ ｦ003090ｹ ｦ , apple0ｸ apple ｦ apple ｹ ｨｦ0809 6ｦ fl, 0ｹ ｹ1036ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ309fl 06036ｦ fl 08apple ｦ003090ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ00009fl apple ｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ803 6ｦ ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ apple apple6ｦ003016ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ8 ｨｦapple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple (ｨｦ030500), ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8 ｨｦｨｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 00 (040400ｨｨ) 09 ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8 apple6ｦ fl ｨｦｨｦ04 (ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04) ｸ apple ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ fl ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ apple07080ｸ apple0006 ｨｰ036ｦ apple 046ｦ0040ｹ ｹ apple ｨｺ ｦ ｸ9apple07 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 02fl 006 5apple07080ｸ , 03apple6ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ0

5 apple086ｦ ｨｨapple apple086ｦ apple6ｦ apple00090ｸ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｨｺ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 36

6 01apple6ｦ apple00090ｸ ｦ000000ｸ apple000ｸ ｹ ｦ0006ｦ apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple07090ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ ｦ , ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｹ ｹ apple fl apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ (016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ00000, 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ00000, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ00000, ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ00000). Adelphi Research ｦ0 006ｦ fl0ｸ ｹ apple040ｹ ｸ9 ｨｺ ｦ ｸ9apple07 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 02fl 006 5apple07080ｸ (03apple6ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ0) 02fl 08apple ｦ fl ｦ apple00000ｷ apple ｦ ｨｦ030ｹ00003 fl6 502fl000306fl apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ8 70ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ ｦ ｱ, apple6ｦ0fl apple006ｦ fl ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04, ｨｨ 09 ｨｦ ｨｦ00 6ｦ00909apple fl 006ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple ｦ ｦ00309 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 09 ｨｦ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000030ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｹ apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ9, ｦ0000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｷ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｸ8 02fl apple fl 0ｹ apple fl apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｸ ｸ ｸ8: 6ｦ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ003016ｦ0 apple000604apple fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 08applefl030ｸ apple090ｹ009006ｦ apple ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ , fl0ｸ ｸ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ806 01apple ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ006036ｦ000090ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ apple ; 6ｦ1 06apple ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple , 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ apple fl 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ fl 6 5 apple , ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｸ70900: apple apple ｸ803 apple000604apple066ｦ003, 6 50ｸ apple ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ8, 0ｹ1apple070909fl apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 08070ｹ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0. ｨｺ6ｦ ｹ009fl apple apple ｹ apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｸ ｸ8, ｦ , 016ｦ001 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ apple090200apple ｸ80309 apple6ｦ ｦ apple09 066ｦ apple6ｦ000; 6ｦ apple apple6ｦ0 090ｷ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｨB , , ｸ ｦ0, 016ｦ001 0ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ06 76ｦ00ｸ apple0003fl, ｹ06ｦ0fl ｷ ｦ fl fl ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ8 006ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ000040ｸ ｦ ; 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 0000apple6ｦ apple0007 apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ8 06apple ｦ fl, 08apple09 0ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl 06026ｦ0 0ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple ｸ8. ｨｴ ｹ ｦ apple0ｸ8 0807apple0708 6ｦ00ｸ applefl0ｸ ｦ008applefl ｦ apple ｦ apple , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003; 6ｦ1 apple6ｦ ｹ0apple ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ9, ｦ ｦ apple ; 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｸ90306fl 08apple ｸ8 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ0, 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｹ , ｦ003016ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple000604apple ; 6ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 096ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ apple ｦ apple09000ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ0; 06040ｸ apple ｸ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ ｹ0apple apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ06ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple ｦ , 08apple ｦ ｸ ｦ apple ｹ , 06036ｦ fl ｸ90ｸ70903 apple ｦ00ｷ30906: 6ｦ apple000802fl ｷ ｦ ｸ apple ｦ008apple6ｦ fl03: (6ｦ0) ｷ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , ( ) ｹ apple6ｦ apple000604apple066ｦ00309, 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ apple ｹ apple6ｦ009apple , (6 5) apple6ｦ003070ｹ0000ｸ800 apple ｦ ｸ800 08apple apple6ｦ003030ｸ8; 6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ00300 apple6ｦ ｸ9 03apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple ｦ003; 6ｦ apple apple09apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ800 6ｦ0006ｦ ｹ ｦ00009fl; 6ｦ apple000802fl ｦ ｷ apple ; 6ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ00307apple0ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｸ fl ｸ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl 070ｷ ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple fl ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ fl ｦ00009fl 06040ｸ ｸ90ｸ apple apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｷ ｦ008apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｸ9.

7 ｨｺ apple6ｦ , apple0ｸ fl03 0ｸ908000ｸ800 apple ｸ ｸ9096ｦ0 (016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000, 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000, ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000), 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl ｦ0030ｸ apple09apple07 000ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309, ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ apple0ｸ apple ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ ｸ apple086ｦ00306fl apple000ｸ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000, ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｸ apple000ｸ ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple fl ｦ0096ｦ apple0003fl, 08070ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ fl 0ｹ apple6ｦ000 08apple ｦ ｸ8030ｸ86 56ｦ apple ｸ ｦ apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple fl apple086ｦ00009fl fl ; apple6ｦ00608apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ003 01apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple ｸ apple ｦ00ｸ90306fl 0600apple ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ ｦ apple ｷ36ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0fl fl ｸ ｸ8026ｦ fl fl 00apple000ｸ ｸ8036ｦ ｨｴ apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｸ fl fl ｸ803 0ｹ fl 6 50ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl ｦ apple ｦ0 6 5 apple ｸ apple ｸ8 01apple ｸ800 07apple ｸ ｸ8, 0ｹ apple apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ apple0006. ｨｨ fl ｦ ｦ apple09036ｦ0apple ｦ0, 6 50ｸ flapple09096ｦ0-0ｷ30909, 0ｷ apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ00009apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｦ00009fl ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｷ3 6 5 apple ｸ90ｹ06ｦ00ｸ apple ｸ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 6 50ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ apple ｹ ｹ ｸ apple00000ｷ3090ｸ9 096ｦ ｸ800, ｸ apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8. ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ apple ｸ8 06 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｨｴ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ , 0ｹ ｹ ｹ ｦ apple0ｸ8 0807apple0708 6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00ｸ903 01apple ｦ008applefl ｦ ｦ apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 apple ｦ ｸ ｸ , ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl ｷ3096ｦ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00209fl, , 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl 6 50ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ009fl apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple07096ｦ003 02fl apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ ｦ , 0807apple0708 6ｦ000030ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ003. ｨｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ00009fl Adelphi Research ｹ009026ｦ0 096ｦ008apple ｨｺ ｦ ｸ9apple07 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 02fl 0603apple6ｦ apple07080ｸ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ0 07 0ｹ ｹ apple07096ｦ apple6ｦ fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 08apple ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｹ00003 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0-030ｸ86 56ｦ00206fl apple ｦ0apple036ｦ ｦ008apple0002fl ｨｨ ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ003 6ｦ0006ｦ apple ｹ ｹ apple07090ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ apple0006, apple ｦ ｸ800 6ｦ ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ , 006ｦ fl0ｸ ｹ fl0ｸ ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｷ ｸ apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple07096ｦ00309, 06040ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｹ ｦ0006ｦ apple040ｸ90306fl ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｦ0, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｹ0apple fl, 096ｦ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl apple ｹ apple fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ003016ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ00608apple apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple ｸ ｦ ｹ06ｦ00ｸ apple09apple076 56ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ apple076 5, 0807apple0708 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ008applefl apple ｦ0apple ｦ00ｷ309fl0309, fl 006ｦ ｹ06ｦ apple07fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 006ｦ ｦ apple ｹ06ｦ000 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ003016ｦ0 apple000604apple ｦ008applefl03040ｸ9 08apple fl apple ｸ ｦ003. ｨｦ0009, apple0000, fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl apple090ｹ00900, apple ｦ fl096ｦ0000ｸ8 06 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ00309 (apple ｦ fl, , 6 50ｸ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl, 0800apple ｸ ｷ3006 5, ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ , 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl ｹ ｦ0fl 006ｦ008applefl ) apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ003016ｦ0 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨC 0ｹ apple apple090ｹ009000ｸ8, fl 006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ; 0ｹ ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0apple6ｦ006036ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl ｦ003016ｦ0 08apple ｸ803 apple000604apple , 0403apple6ｦ0036ｦ0 006ｦ apple6ｦ , ｸ ｦ , ｦ ｦ0036ｦ ｸ apple fl 0307applefl ｨC ｹ10307, apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, fl 6ｦ00003apple ｦ ｦ apple09apple ｨｴ0309 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8 ｨC 0ｹ10307 apple ｦ003 0ｹ0apple apple ｹ ｦ0036ｦ00ｷ30909 apple000604apple , ｹ06ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｹ ｦ00009fl apple000604apple apple apple , 0000apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ fl ｸ , apple0ｸ ｹ000036ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ apple ｸ apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ ｨｮapple apple006ｦ0fl 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple00 04 apple fl6 502fl000306fl apple090ｹ apple ｸ apple ｦ0apple ｦ [...] ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ , 0ｹ0apple apple006ｦ0fl 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 0701apple04-

8 5 086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple ｦ ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ apple090ｹ00900, 08apple fl0ｸ ｦ003, 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｹ06ｦ0fl03 ｨC 016ｦ0036ｦ ｦ00307apple ｱ (WCED 1987: 291) ｨｨ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 070ｹ ｹ06ｦ apple0708 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ apple ｸ8 apple6ｦ fl, 07006ｦ0, 036ｦ apple6ｦ , fl ｦ apple000009fl 6ｦ ｸ apple ｹ ｦ apple ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9, 6ｦ ｦ00ｹ00903, ｦ apple fl ｦ ｦ fl. 05 6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple00000ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8 016ｦ apple07090ｸ ｦ ｦ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｦ008applefl ｸ9. ｨ 00090ｷ3096ｦ ｦ0 70ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ ｦ ｱ 056ｦ000000ｸ apple000ｸ ｹ00003 fl6 502fl000306fl ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ8 70ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ ｦ ｱ ｨC apple070ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ0 070ｷ ｹ ｹ apple0709, apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｷ apple fl apple flapple000ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ003. ｨ 00090ｷ3096ｦ ｦ ｸ fl000306fl ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｨｦｨｦ04 (ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04), ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ ｨｦｨｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 00 (040400ｨｨ) 09 ｨｦapple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple (ｨｦ030500). ｨｨ ｸ800 08apple ｸ8 6 5 apple6ｦ003016ｦ003 6ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ fl0ｸ90306fl apple6ｦ ｹ apple apple6ｦ003016ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｦ fl ｸ803016ｦ0 006ｦ0026ｦ apple ｹ ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ , 04ｨｨｨｦ 09 6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ fl 6 5 apple apple ｦ ｦ fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ apple076 5, ｹ ｦ00009fl apple000604apple apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 06 0ｷ ｸ9 0401apple fl 0309apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ003016ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ8 08apple apple00006ｦ0 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0600apple apple076 7apple6ｦ apple apple ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl03: 070ｷ ｦ ｦ0apple0309apple076 56ｦ fl , apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0 09 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl , 006ｦ0apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0fl apple036ｦ00ｷ309fl ｷ3096ｦ ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ ｦ ｱ 006ｦ fl 6 5 ｨ apple ｦ0 apple000604: apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ0 056ｦ000000ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ ｸ apple07006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ0apple ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0 060ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ fl ｸ803016ｦ0 08apple07-6ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ fl 040ｹ06ｦ fl apple apple apple ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ00000 apple6ｦ apple ｹ ｹ ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ ｦ apple ｷ3096ｦ apple07090ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｷ300080ｷ ｦ ｦ fl fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 006ｦ002090ｹ ｸ ｸ8, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl, ｦ0fl, 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl, ｷ ｦ0fl 09 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ ｹ ｦ apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple090300apple0ｸ ｹ ｦ008applefl ｦ0apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｦ008applefl apple apple6ｦ ｹ fl 016ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple fl 01apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple , fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple 040ｹ0apple , 096ｦ ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl0309 0ｹ ｹ apple apple0ｸ8 08apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ apple apple6ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｹ apple apple6ｦ ｸ ｷ , ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 0603apple6ｦ apple 02fl 0ｹ apple fl 096ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ ｹ ｦ ｹ apple fl 01apple6ｦ apple ｸ apple apple 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ ｹ apple fl0ｸ90306fl ｦ apple6ｦ apple0702fl 096ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ8 036ｦ apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ00209, ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ apple09apple076 56ｦ apple00046ｦ ｹ ｹ , 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple07060ｸ8. 056ｦ000000ｸ ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0 08fl apple00000ｷ apple ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ0 02fl 006 5apple07080ｸ8 ｱ ｦ ｦ0applefl ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ ｦ ｱ 09 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｹ000036ｦ ｸ ｸ ｷ36ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple6ｦ ｦ003, apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple07-000ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl03, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0. ｨｦ030ｹ apple ｦ ｹ ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ apple apple ｸ ｦ , apple0ｸ800 03apple00 040ｸ ｦ00009fl ｸ90ｸ ｹ0apple ｨｦ ｦ fl030006fl fl ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ apple076 5, apple0ｸ apple0708 6ｦ00ｸ fl0ｸ ｸ8, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｹ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl fl ｹ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ apple applefl 006ｦ ｦ003070ｹ apple apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ0, apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ ｦ apple6 50ｸ ｦ apple09apple076 56ｦ ｷ , apple6ｦ0fl ｦ0 0ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple030000apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｸ76ｦ

9 fl 056ｦ000000ｸ ｹ apple ｦ fl 0409apple ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, 006ｦ ｹ ｦ003 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04, 0404ｨ , apple ｦ000016ｦ ｦ ｦ000016ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ003, 036ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ apple fl 006ｦ fl, 07 apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl ｷ3096ｦ ｨｨ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ800 6ｦ000000ｸ800 ｨC 016ｦ fl ｸ9 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 036ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ fl03 ｨC 09006ｦ00ｹ ｦ0apple0009apple040ｸ90306fl ｸ90306fl fl apple6ｦ ｦ003apple ｦ000030ｸ apple6ｦ000, apple ｹ apple ｦ ｦ ｹ000036ｦ0 0ｸ apple ｹ000000ｸ8 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ8 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ00000, ｨｪ04apple ｦ00000, ｨｬ ｦ ｸ8 ｨｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ00000, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨ ｦ0 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｹ000036ｦ0 6 50ｸ8apple6ｦ fl apple ｦ ｦ000000ｸ803, ｸ90ｸ ｦ0apple apple ｦ0apple ｹ000036ｦ0. 030ｸ8026ｦ ｦ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple07096ｦ ｦ fl apple07066ｦ ｦ , 06040ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ apple apple6ｦ003, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｸ9 096ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ ｹ apple apple076 56ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ003 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｸ fl 07030ｹ000036ｦ ｷ ｸ ｦ fl apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ fl fl ｦ ｹ fl apple6ｦ ｦ0. ｨｦ ｦ fl000306fl apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ003, apple0ｸ800 apple00046ｦ00ｸ903 08apple ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple07060ｸ ｦ ｦ apple09apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｸ90306fl 6 50ｸ ｸ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ003, 06 00apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ apple086ｦ00306fl 08apple ｦ0apple ｸ800 apple ｦ00ｷ fl03 apple fl 6 50ｸ8fl ｸ803 08apple ｨｺfl ｦ ｸ90603apple09apple040ｸ ｦ fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ ｷ ; apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl apple ｸ applefl0ｹ ｹ00109 ｱ 09 08apple fl0306fl 006ｦ ｸ800 08apple090300apple0ｸ8 apple fl 08apple apple apple6ｦ ｹ000036ｦ ｦ06 50ｸ apple ｸ9 apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ008 6ｦ0fl ｦ ｸ9 0603apple apple04: apple apple6ｦ apple fl 07 0ｸ ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple , 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ applefl03040ｸ ｸ apple fl 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl apple0703 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple0ｸ8 070ｷ fl ｸ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple07096ｦ apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｦ ｹ0apple fl, 08apple ｦ000000ｸ800 apple00046ｦ00300 apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000030ｸ800 08apple ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｹ apple fl 08apple ｦ ｦ fl 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｹ apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ06ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple0709apple6ｦ00ｹ

10 2 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｦ apple apple6ｦ fl6 502fl000306fl 066ｦ apple apple6ｦ apple ｦ0, 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl ｦ applefl ｦ0fl ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ , ｨｺ apple6ｦ00ｷ , ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ06 502fl , ｹ , 6ｦ0 07 0ｸ76ｦ0fl ｸ76ｦ0 00 ｨC 2, ; 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000, 036ｦ apple6ｦ , ｨC ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ9 006ｦ fl apple00. ｨｨ07 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ ｸ8 006ｦ fl 06036ｦ0000ｸ8 ｨC 016ｦ0096ｦ ｨ 006ｦ00ｹ ｹ apple apple ｹ , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , apple ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｹ ｹ ｦ ｸ90ｹ06ｦ00ｸ ｷ3006 5, 0401apple6ｦ009000ｷ ｹ06ｦ ｸ9, 006ｦ008applefl ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ apple6ｦ , 0ｹ ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ0030ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ , 6 76ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨｨ02070ｸ76ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple090300apple0007 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ76ｦ0 09 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ apple07080ｸ8, 08apple09 0ｹ appleapple090307apple09fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl 6 50ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ ｨｴ ｹ apple ｸ ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ009000ｸ8 09 0ｹ06ｦ apple0904apple070ｹ000000ｸ apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003. ｨｦ ｦ0fl 096ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ06ｦ0 016ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ06ｦ fl apple0900fl apple00000ｷ309apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ apple ｸ9 0ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ8 0300apple 0807 apple ｸ9 0ｷ applefl 6ｦ0 apple apple , 036ｦ ｦ001 apple apple , ｸ ｹ apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｸ apple0702fl 096ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ0. ｨ 0300fl ｸ806 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ002, 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ9 apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0fl ｦ fl ｦ ｸ apple07066ｦ ｦ00009fl apple ｦ0 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ8, 016ｦ ｨｬ ｦ , 036ｦ apple6ｦ0006ｦ00309, apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｹ06ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8, 08apple ｦ06 502fl- 0ｸ90ｸ apple fl ｦ ｦ fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0, 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｦ , apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple00 08apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl 0ｹ108090ｷ apple ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ0036ｦ00603apple07020ｸ8 06 apple6ｦ009apple ｸ ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl0309. ｨｨapple ｸ ｦ fl ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ8 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｦ0 070ｹ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ000000ｸ8 016ｦ001 08apple0907apple ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 02fl fl ｹ apple6ｦ fl (UN ECE 2000a: 12). ｨｨapple ｸ ｹ fl 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ apple000ｸ apple09apple07 000ｸ apple fl apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｸ80ｹ009, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｷ apple076 56ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ8036ｦ00009fl fl 00apple apple040809fl. 0500apple ｹ ｹ apple fl6 502fl000306fl 08apple07030ｸ apple , apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 6 50ｸ8 apple07066ｦ ｦ003070ｹ ｹ0090ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ003000ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｨｹ6 502flfl ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ0 02apple6ｦ applefl, 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ8030ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ0030ｸ apple ｸ fl 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ009apple fl 0ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ0. ｨｦ fl6 502fl000306fl apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ76ｦ apple6ｦ0 08apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｸ80309 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ001 apple ｦ fl 06apple apple000ｹ ｦ ｨC ( ) , 6ｦ , (UN ECE 2000a: 115) apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ76ｦ apple6ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl ｸ ｷ ｹ , 6 5 0ｹ apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ , 096ｦ apple07030ｸ ｦ06 7applefl ｹ06 50ｸ8, 096ｦ06 7applefl ｦ ｦ0036ｦ00603apple ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8, 0807apple ｸ apple apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ applefl, ｹ apple6ｦ ｷ36ｦ0, apple ｹ ｦ0 096ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl, ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ apple ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｨｨ fl 080ｸ ｸ ｸ803 04apple00, 0800apple fl0ｸ ｹ ｸ , 0ｹ ｦ0 0ｸ apple6ｦ applefl, 070ｸ7040ｸ76ｦ00ｸ90306fl 096ｦ apple apple6ｦ0. ｨ ｦ apple076 56ｦ apple apple6ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ ｦ0 02fl ｹ ｹ ｸ8036ｦ ｦ ｸ apple07090ｸ8 02fl 09 07apple fl 020ｸ ｦ0applefl ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0 02apple6ｦ applefl 02fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 6ｦ ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｦ fl fl ｦ apple07030ｸ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ8. 046ｦ fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000 08apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ apple000ｹ0000ｸ ｸ8apple 6ｦ0apple00fl ｦ fl 6 56ｦ008000ｸ ｹ ｸ8 016ｦ001 02fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0, 036ｦ ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0, 0ｹ ｦ apple090ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple apple000604apple apple6ｦ ｸ76ｦ0 02apple006ｦ0066ｦ ｦ apple apple ｸ9 006ｦ008applefl ｹ ｹ , fl apple ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ apple ｨｬ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ fl apple ( ｦ ).

11 8 000ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl 6 50ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003. ｨｨapple09apple07 000ｸ806 04apple ｹ fl ｦ0-03apple09 apple6ｦ0096ｦ0 6 50ｸ apple apple (UN ECE 2000a: 77), ｦ06 7applefl apple00 0ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ0000ｸ ｸ ｦ apple ｦ00300 apple6ｦ ｸ8 0ｸ ｸ apple07030ｸ ｸ803 08apple00 08apple09fl apple6ｦ apple ｦ06 502fl apple ｸ apple fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl. 0500apple ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ0006ｦ0 ｨｦｨｦ (ｨｺ ｸ90ｷ309fl 52/169 M) ｸ90ｸ70006 apple ｸ90ｷ ｸ ｦ0fl , 0ｹ00307 ｰapple6ｦ ｹ , ｷ , 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8 ｱ apple ｦ0 03apple00 040ｸ ｦ00009fl ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ0. ｨｪapple000300fl 01apple ｦ0fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 08apple ｦ0, 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 046 7apple fl ｦ ｦ fl, - 0ｹ apple ｸ ｨB00030ｸ8 08apple07030ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ8 07 apple6ｦ00ｸ fl ｸ ｨB ｦ006000ｸ803 08apple07030ｸ ｸ ｹ ｦ0apple ｱ (UN ECE 2000a: 69). ｨｨapple07030ｸ apple ｹ000006ｦ ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0, ｦ00307 fl0306fl ｸ apple fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ0-0ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ8 04 6ｦ fl apple ｸ ｨB ｦ006000ｸ apple ｦ06 502fl apple ｸ apple ｦ06 7applefl fl apple ｸ apple ｸ fl ｸ ｦ002026ｦ00309 (ibid: 72). ｨｴ0309 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple fl 09 07apple fl ｹ ｦ ｦ fl, fl096ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｨｦ 006ｦ apple fl 0000apple ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple , fl apple fl 036ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ00ｸ apple , apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl apple090ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple09apple apple00 0ｸ ｸ ｦ0026ｦ000066ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｹ apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｸ ｦ00300 apple006ｦ0010ｷ ｹ apple0706, 006ｦ008applefl ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ9 06 apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ ｨｴ ｦ0 0603apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｹ apple036ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ apple ｷ30909: , , ｦ ｦ0 1: 036ｦ06 70ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ700 02apple006ｦ0066ｦ006: 006ｦ apple appleapple090307apple096ｦ apple6ｦ0 0500apple fl 036ｦ06 70ｸ806, apple6ｦ ｦ0fl 08apple090300apple apple6ｦ apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0, ｸ8026ｦ ｷ apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ fl apple ｹ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ ｦ , 0708apple fl0ｸ90ｸ % ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｷ30ｸ8, ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ8, ｸ90ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 036ｦ06 70ｸ806, 02apple006ｦ0066ｦ ｦ000, ｦ06 56ｦ00206fl apple ｸ803. ｨｦ ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ appleapple090307apple apple0003fl ｦ0 0ｸ86 56ｦ , 016ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ9096ｦ0 0800apple ｦ ｦ ｦ fl 07 6ｦ0apple ｹ appleapple090307apple0906, 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｸ apple ｦ0. ｨｨapple apple000ｹ009fl ｦ0apple apple09006ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨｨapple076 56ｦ002 apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ ｹ apple apple ｦ06 70ｸ806 (06 006ｦ ｹ ) ｹ06ｦ0fl ｨC 07 ｨBfl ｸ ｦ , 0ｹ ｸ ｦ ｦ0 applefl ｨ 6ｦ0 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ806 6ｦ0apple apple , 09, , 0ｹ ｦ006036ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 09 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ000fl fl apple fl 6ｦ apple07066ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ ｸ8030ｸ86 56ｦ apple ｸ800 03apple , 0807apple ｸ ｸ ｸ9 006ｦ fl, 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0 0703, apple fl ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ8. 056ｦ apple apple ｦ ｸ ｸ apple ｸ apple apple0ｸ ｦ0. ｨｨ07 apple ｦ0036ｦ ｸ apple apple fl applefl ｨｨapple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 0404apple ｦ ｦ0096ｦ0apple 6ｦ ｨｨapple ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 ｨ 06026ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ ｷ ｦ00609fl 6 5 apple ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ , ｦ apple apple09000ｷ ｹ ｹ ｦ0 016ｦ ｦ ｦ0 036ｦ06 70ｸ apple006ｦ0066ｦ fl0306fl appleapple090307apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0, 6ｦ ｦ000 ｨC appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ ｸ90ｹ apple006ｦ0066ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ fl 08apple6ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8, apple6ｦ ｸ700 fl6 502fl000306fl ｹ ｸ8. ｨ ｹ : ICGa 2002; Eurasianet 2002a, Eurasianet 2002b

12 9 6 76ｦ0096ｦ apple0ｸ apple07030ｸ apple ｷ30909 (ADB 2002a: 111). ｨｺ ｨｨ ,2% apple6ｦ ｸ9 06 9,8% , fl0ｷ309fl apple6ｦ ｦ ,5% (ibid) apple6ｦ ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ apple006ｦ ｸ ｨｨ 006ｦ ｦ fl ( ｦ0apple ｦ ) ｸ fl 08070ｹ ｦ0 $ ｦ $ 5871 (UNICEF 2002). ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ803 Swisspeace, 70016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000 ｨC ｦ0apple apple6ｦ , 0ｹ ｹ apple apple apple ｦ fl 0800apple00apple6ｦ00608apple ｦ ｦ0 06apple ｦ fl ｱ (Swisspeace 2003a: 3). ｨｬ ｸ ｸ8apple ｹ ｦ0 10% apple6ｦ ｸ , 0ｹ apple006ｦ ｸ8apple6ｦ ｦ0-0ｹ06ｦ00003 apple apple fl0ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0030ｸ8 006ｦ0 9,5% (ADB 2002a: 111). ｨｨ07 06apple6ｦ ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ fl 006ｦ0 2,4% ｦ ,4%; 08apple09 0ｹ ｦ fl ｸ apple ｦ00309 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl ｸ709000ｸ ｨｴ ｷ ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ fl ｦ apple ｹ apple fl ( apple0ｸ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ06 502fl ｹ , $31, fl0ｷ3) 006ｦ0 3,8% apple6ｦ ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ (World Bank 2001a) applefl 006ｦ0 0ｹ10307, 6ｦ000006ｦ0fl 6 7apple ｦ ｦ06 502fl ｹ apple ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. ｨｨ07 06apple6ｦ ｸ9 06 apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ0030ｸ apple (UNICEF 2002) , ｸ ｷ ｹ ｦ apple apple ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple fl 006ｦ fl. ｨｦ 0ｸ apple apple fl 006ｦ fl ｦ fl, 0ｸ80603apple0700 apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｨ ｨｮ/05ｨｨｨ 05 (ibid.). ｨｨapple apple6ｦ ｦ0026ｦ , , , 0ｹ00307 fl6 502fl000306fl 066ｦ0030ｸ ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ (ibid.) applefl 006ｦ0 036ｦ ｷ30909, ｦ0apple ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｦ ,9% ｨｨ, 0ｹ ｦ0 0,2% , 0ｹ apple00 0ｸ8-040ｸ , applefl 006ｦ0 0ｹ ｹ apple (ibid.) apple0ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ8, ｹ apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｨ ｨｮ/05ｨｨｨ 05, ｹ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ00000, 0ｹ apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ003 apple ｦ0, ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000 08apple ｦ00003, 0ｹ ｨｨｨ 05 fl6 502fl000306fl 046 7apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0 (Eurasianet 2003). ｨｬapple apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl 006ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl ｸ ｷ30902apple6ｦ00309: apple6ｦ apple ｦ fl ｦ0 98,5% ; 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ apple ｦ00307 fl0306fl 036ｦ apple apple6 5090ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl 06apple (UNICEF 2002). ｨｨapple6ｦ apple fl apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl03 (04ｨｨｨｦ). ｨ ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple apple fl ｨ 6ｦ ｨｨｨｦ ｦ ｸ802 08apple apple ｨｨｨｦ; ｦ000000ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｨｨｨｦ (UN ECE 2000a: 17) ｦ0096ｦ ｦ00000 apple6ｦ ｦ00ｸ90306fl 0603apple apple000ｸ800 08apple ｸ fl ｹ ｸ9apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ8 07apple6ｦ ｦ0apple026ｦ fl applefl ｹ06ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0apple apple09apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ ｹ ｦ0apple ｨｦ 006ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple00 0ｸ8 0ｸ ｸ apple6 56ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ apple070ｷ ｸ8 07apple076 5, apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ fl 016ｦ003086ｦ , 046 7apple07096ｦ ｦ0 apple apple ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, 096ｦ ｦ ｷ ｸ ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｹ ｸ ｦ0apple fl apple0003fl ｹ000036ｦ fl ｦ00009fl (OSCE/ ODIHR 1999: 3) ｦ003016ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ apple ｸ ｹ06ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ apple ｦ003070ｹ00007 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ003090ｹ apple0ｸ8. ｨｦ0ｷ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ00000, 08apple ｦ0fl Freedom House 02fl 0800apple0907 6ｦ0 1999ｨC , apple086ｦ0-026ｦ0 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ , 0ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｨｪ6ｦ001, ｹ apple6ｦ06 5 0ｸ8026ｦ0 070ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ0 706 ｱ, 6ｦ0 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｨC 006ｦ0 705 ｱ ｦ ｦ00200, ｱ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｦ ｸ ｨｴ ｹ apple apple ｹ ｹ ｦ fl0009fl apple076 56ｦ apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ8, 036ｦ ｦ apple fl 006ｦ fl apple6ｦ00ｸ apple , ｦ003070ｹ0006ｦ0fl 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｦ0fl ｹ , 0107appleapple04080ｷ309fl, 08apple ｷ apple ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ 0ｸ fl0009fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 000ｸ fl ｷ3096ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｹ000036ｦ ｸ ｸ9 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ , 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ fl apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909 apple0ｸ800016ｦ apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 08apple ｹ apple ｦ ｦ008applefl ｸ ｨｨ ｦ0, 040ｹ0apple fl apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｨｦ01apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 06apple00 6ｦ apple09apple07 000ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8 ｱ 08apple6ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ fl apple06 006ｦ apple070ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. ｨｺ apple ｸ apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 08apple ｦ0-03apple096 56ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ803 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ003 (006ｦ008apple090300apple, apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ00009fl

13 ｸ803 apple000604apple , 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ apple ｸ ｦ , apple076 7apple6ｦ ; ｸ apple0900fl030ｸ apple fl ｦ0), 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 02fl fl ｹ apple6ｦ fl (04ｨｨ05ｨｦｨｦ05ｨｬｨｺ), 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ ｹ ｸ9 08apple076 7apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. 04ｨｨ05ｨｦｨｦ05ｨｬｨｺ 08apple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ apple09apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ apple , apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl apple apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 08apple0900fl0207 ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 02fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl 08apple ｦ fl ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple076 7apple6ｦ apple fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple6ｦ0fl 0ｸ8026ｦ apple00006ｦ apple ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl 036ｦ ｨｦ ｦ0fl ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ0 apple apple ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ0 006ｦ apple apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple apple070209apple apple6ｦ apple076 5 (UN ECE 2000a: 15). 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ806 0ｹ ｹ ｷ apple ｹ apple6ｦ fl fl6 502fl000306fl ｸ ｹ0apple , ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple ｨｨ05ｨｦｨｦ apple 036ｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ002 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ ｱ 006ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple (ibid.). ｨ ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ0 08apple ｦ06 76ｦ apple076 56ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｹ apple apple076 56ｦ000090ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ00603fl03, 0ｹ apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple ｦ0066ｦ fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple0702fl 096ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｦ appleapple090307apple0909. ｨｨapple6ｦ ｸ80209 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0000ｸ8 7008apple6ｦ ｦ apple070ｷ300 04apple0ｸ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ apple apple ｦ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｱ (ibid.). ｨｺ006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ apple fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6ｦ00909apple fl 006ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ003, apple ｦ apple040ｸ90ｸ apple ｹ ｹ ｹ apple apple ｦ fl apple6 76ｦ0006ｦ ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ9, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｹ0apple fl ｸ803 apple000604apple066ｦ ｨｦ0ｷ ｹ ｹ ｹ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ , 08apple ｨｴ01 ｨｦｨｦ04, apple fl 08apple apple016ｦ0 0708apple ｨB ｦ0, ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ ｱ , 0ｹ ｸ8 006ｦ0026ｦ apple ｹ ｦ ｦ003090ｹ (ibid.). 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ002 03apple ｷ30909 ｨｺ ｦ apple07 (ｨｺ6ｦ003070ｹ000040ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ ｦ0036ｦ0, ｷ3090ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｷ3090ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ), 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ0 08apple ｦ apple006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ003, apple6ｦ009apple04-046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｸ , ｷ ｨｴ01 ｨｦｨｦ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0 006ｦ apple6ｦ fl0009fl. 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000 fl6 502fl000306fl apple ｷ ｨｴ01 ｨｦｨｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ fl03 08apple07030ｸ ｸ803 6ｦ06 56ｦ0apple0906. ｨｦ00 036ｦ apple6ｦ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ ｷ3090ｸ9 00ｨｴ01 ｨｦｨｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ apple 09, 01apple , ｨｦapple ｸ ｷ3090ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple0900fl apple apple6ｦ ｸ apple07066ｦ003, 016ｦ0066ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. ｨ 006ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ apple076 7apple6ｦ ｹ000036ｦ fl ｦ ｷ ｦ apple apple ｦ ｦ apple ｨｨ07016ｦ ｦ003070ｹ00007 apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｸ90306fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl apple6ｦ00ｹ102090ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ apple ｹ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｹ0apple fl0309; 6ｦ apple00 040ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｦ fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple , 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ9 006ｦ fl , 016ｦ apple p6ｦ apple6ｦ , ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ0fl ｦ003016ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｹ apple076 7apple6ｦ apple0702fl 096ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ , 0ｹ ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ fl apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ appleapple apple ｸ90ｸ apple0708apple09fl

14 3 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ apple apple ｨｦ 0ｸ76ｦ0fl ｸ76ｦ0 00 0ｹ apple ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ06 502fl ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｸ7040ｸ9 6 7apple6ｦ000090ｷ ｦ00003, 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ , ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ8 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ000000ｸ8, ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ90306fl 6 50ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0066ｦ ｸ8 ｨC 0ｹ ｹ ｦ apple000604apple066ｦ ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ , ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple ｦ ｦ apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ apple090200apple ｸ ｦ003, apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 006ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｷ apple6ｦ0 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. ｨｴ ｹ ｦ ｦ fl ｦ003070ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ90ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ ｨｦ ｸ9 0ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple ｸ8, , 036ｦ apple ｸ ｦ0fl 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple00 04, 03apple ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003, 06026ｦ0 0ｸ apple apple0ｸ8 0408apple6ｦ fl, 6 50ｸ ｦ0fl ｦ fl, fl0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl06fl ｹ ｹ apple0ｸ8 ｨC ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ008applefl ( , 006ｦ ｦ apple ), 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple07090ｸ8 apple ｦ ｦ ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ8 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple apple6ｦ0 6ｦ apple ｦ ｹ ｹ apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ fl fl. ｨｨ00apple ｹ ｸ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｦ , ｹ ｦ00009fl apple ｸ ｦ0086ｦ fl 0703applefl ｨ 06026ｦ fl ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 ( fl 0ｹ10307 ｨ 06026ｦ ｦ0fl 086ｦ0apple0309fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0) 006ｦ0 0ｸ908000ｸ800 apple ｸ8 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ0 09 6ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl apple ｸ apple0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｨｪ6ｦ003apple09apple6ｦ0 ｱ (016ｦ apple00 0ｸ8-040ｸ ｹ06ｦ000, apple000ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909) ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｦ000090ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ fl 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ fl. ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8, 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ apple fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｹ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ00000, 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ ｦ ｸ8 02fl 07apple fl fl ｸ803 0ｷ30002fl03, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｸ ｦ ｸ80ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple04. ｨｴ apple ｸ8 08apple apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ fl ｸ803 0ｹ , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , apple000ｸ803 apple ｦ ｦ0 086ｦ ｸ7000ｸ ｦ003 09, 016ｦ , ｨC apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｦ fl 04 6ｦ ｸ appleapple090307apple fl ｹ fl 06apple ｸ ｦ000090ｸ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 0ｹ ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ apple036ｦ ｸ700030ｸ8. 046ｦ002090ｹ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ ｸ8 ｨC apple000604apple066ｦ0, apple0ｸ apple ｹ06ｦ00603fl03 apple ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl ｷ ｸ803 ｨC ｦ ｦ apple ｸ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 096ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｹ apple000604apple066ｦ0. ｨｬ 08apple6ｦ ｦ0 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ apple0309apple076 56ｦ ｦ ｹ , ｦ fl0ｸ apple ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｸ803 apple000604apple ｱ (UN ECE 2000b: 78). ｨｨapple ｦ0 apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309 fl6 502fl000306fl 6ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ0, ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ fl ｦ0 096ｦ apple fl ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ fl , 08apple07030ｸ apple070ｹ10000apple ｦ0 096ｦ fl ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨｺ6ｦ ｸ ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ0 ｨｬ ｦ000, 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ8 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ fl ｹ apple000604apple066ｦ0. 05 apple6ｦ006086ｦ ｸ9096ｦ0 08apple0001apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ0 apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｸ ｦ0086ｦ , 0ｹ apple0309apple076 56ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple , ｹ ｹ , 08apple ｦ ｦ0 apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ8. ｨｦ ｦ ｸ apple ｱ 06036ｦ00207, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 08apple0001apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00ｹ009 0ｹ10000apple ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｸ80ｹ06ｦ0 04apple6ｦ0006ｦ0, 03fl ｸ ｦ apple , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple apple ｸ80ｹ ｦ apple applefl 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ0 (04ｨｨ05ｨｦｨｦ05) 006ｦ ｹ06ｦ fl 08apple ｦ0 026ｦ ｦ0fl ｨC 006ｦ ｦ0, apple fl apple apple ｹ ｨB ｦ0 09apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｦ0 6ｦ ｸ80ｹ009 04apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple ｨｨ05ｨｦｨｦ05 6ｦ000006ｦ0fl 0300appleapple090307apple09fl 08apple fl ｦ00ｹ apple090300apple6ｦ apple0ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 08apple , 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ803 02fl ｦ0 apple6ｦ apple ｸ80ｹ ｦ00ｸ fl ｸ ｦ000030ｸ apple6ｦ00000 ｱ (UN ECE 2000b: 53). ｨｦ apple ｦ000006ｦ0fl 0300appleapple090307apple09fl 08apple ｦ06 502fl ｸ ｦ apple090ｹ ｦ ｸ ｦ003, ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0066ｦ003 08apple09apple ｦ0096ｦ ｹ ｸ apple07fl apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ0036ｦ ｱ, 036ｦ ｦ applefl fl (ibid: 51). ｨ 6ｦ06 7applefl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6 5 apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl ｸ apple ｦ06 502fl ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｦ fl 09 07apple fl 020ｸ9 0006, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 096ｦ0 060ｹ ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ ｦ fl 08070ｹ06 50ｸ8. ｨｴ apple07090ｸ fl0ｸ90306fl fl , 0ｹ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000

15 1305apple6ｦ apple fl ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000 08apple ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ00200ｨｬ0603apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ0, 6ｦ ｦ00ｹ00903, appleapple090307apple ｦ06 7applefl ｹ000apple ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｸ apple000ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ apple apple ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ apple ｦ00ｸ903 6ｦ ｹ000apple appleapple090307apple apple6ｦ000 (ibid: 69). 000ｸ ｦ0 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 08apple ｦ0 ｨC 096ｦ06 7applefl ｹ06 50ｸ8 6 5 apple ｦ fl fl ｦ ｸ apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple006ｦ ｸ803 06apple ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9 6 50ｸ ｦ00ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｸ fl , 0ｹ apple ｸ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple apple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ ｸ apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ fl ｦ ｹ10000apple ｹ apple000604apple , 036ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ apple070ｹ10000apple6 709fl. 05 apple ｦ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｸ apple036ｦ ｹ10000apple ｦ fl, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｦ ｸ803 apple04 016ｦ003 02fl 096ｦ apple apple6ｦ00ｸ apple0ｸ appleapple090307apple ｦ ｦ0 2,6% (FAO 2000: 164). ｨｬ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ8 02fl 6 50ｸ8086ｦ0066ｦ ｦ ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl 08apple07086ｦ004000ｸ apple. ｨｨ apple00 apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ fl ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ fl fl00000ｸ fl. ｨｴ ｸ8046ｦ ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple fl6 502fl000306fl ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ0. ｨｬ00090ｹ apple apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｸ ｸ ｸ803 apple000604apple , 0ｹ ｦ apple ｸ apple ｦ ｦ fl ｸ apple apple6 76ｦ ｸ8. 026ｦ ｦ006, apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ apple apple apple6 76ｦ ｸ8, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple000ｸ ｸ ｦ apple ｸ8 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 700ｹ ｹ applefl0ｹ ｹ0016ｦ00309 ｱ, 0ｹ apple ｦ fl ｸ90ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ % ｦ fl ｹ ｸ803 03apple apple ｸ ｦ , ｸ7040ｸ76ｦ fl apple0ｸ ｷ ｸ76ｦ fl apple6ｦ apple000009fl 006ｦ ｸ (ADB 2002b). 050ｸ apple ｹ ｹ apple ｦ fl096ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｨｦ 006ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ800 08apple09apple07 000ｸ800 apple000604apple- 060ｸ8 (6 7026ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , 096ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ ｸ apple07 000ｸ ) apple ｦ06 502fl apple ｸ apple fl ｦ ｦ fl 09 apple ｦ ｦ ｹ06ｦ000, ｹ ｹ apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90306fl 08apple ｸ ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803, ｹ ｹ ｹ , 016ｦ : 07 0ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ apple0ｸ8, 06026ｦ0 0ｸ apple apple0ｸ8 0408apple6ｦ fl, , 036ｦ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl, 6 50ｸ ｦ0fl 0009apple6ｦ ｷ36ｦ0, apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0, 6ｦ0036ｦ ｦ ｹ apple apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ apple0ｸ8 ( ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ fl 08apple090300apple 0600apple6 76ｦ ｸ8) ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｦ ｦ0 2: 0600apple6 76ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ0: 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 006ｦ008applefl ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｷ30ｸ8 0600apple6 76ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ0 08apple apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ000apple apple ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ (010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000) ｦ ｸ9 0ｹ ｦ06 56ｦ ｦ0 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000 08apple fl 40% 0300appleapple090307apple ｸ8; apple ｹ % ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. 05 apple6ｦ006086ｦ ｸ9096ｦ0 0600apple6 76ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ0096ｦ0026ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ : ｸ apple6ｦ002090ｹ apple6ｦ , 07 ｨB fl0ｸ90ｸ70906 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ800 fl090ｸ ｸ apple ｸ8 006ｦ fl, 07016ｦ0-096ｦ00206fl ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｷ36ｦ00309; ｷ apple076 56ｦ apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple apple 0ｸ ｦ0apple ｨｬ ｦ ｦ apple076 56ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｷ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple090200apple ｹ ｦ06 56ｦ ｦ ｸ8 08apple ｦ ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl ｦ0030ｸ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ , ｸ8-030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｸ806 0ｹ ｹ apple ｨｪ6ｦ001, apple ｦ % 006ｦ fl ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ009096ｦ apple ｦ0, fl ｸ76ｦ ｦ ｦ fl % appleapple090307apple0909. ｨｨ00apple00006ｦ , 066 5fl096ｦ ｸ apple0708 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0030ｸ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ apple07 09fl 08070ｹ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ00000, 070ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple090ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｸ ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8 006ｦ apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl ｹ ｹ apple ｷ36ｦ ｷ300020ｸ806 applefl ｸ ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ ｷ apple00 0ｹ ｹ , 0ｹ06ｦ apple apple apple ｸ ｦ003. ｨ ｹ : UN FVDP 2000; Tabyshalieva 1999.

16 13 000ｸ803 apple000207apple036ｦ fl ｸ ｷ ｦ001apple070ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ00ｸ90306fl apple ｨｨ ｦ ,3%, 6ｦ fl0ｹ0000ｸ806 apple ｦ apple ｷ fl 06 18,7% ,9% (ADB 2002a: 116) ｸ806 apple ｨｨ, apple ｦ003, ｦ06 502fl0300 4,5% , 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0096ｦ fl, ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｸ fl (ADB 2002a: 117) ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0020ｸ9030ｸ8 08apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｨｨ 006ｦ ｦ fl ( ｦ0apple ｦ ) 6 50ｸ8apple $ $ (UNICEF 2002). ｨｦ 006ｦ ｹ ｹ apple apple ｦ fl ｸ apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ9 0ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple0ｸ ｦ0. 05 fl006 56ｦ0applefl fl apple apple07030ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ0 17,3%, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｦ0 6ｦ apple ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ ｨｦ 006ｦ apple04 006ｦ0fl 046ｦ003036ｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple090300apple0007 9% 0505ｨｨ (Community Business Forum Kyrgyzstan, 2003). 050ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｸ ｸ ｦ001apple07-0ｹ ｹ ｷ309fl ｹ apple ｦ00ｹ ｦ fl ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl. ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ000016ｦ0, 48% ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ000apple (World Bank 2001b). 046ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ ｦ fl, 06apple apple ,4% 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0, 05086ｦ0026ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0, ｨｪ6ｦ0026ｦ0066ｦ ｦ0apple0ｸ8006ｦ0 0ｹ ｦ0096ｦ ,4% (ADB 2002b) ｦ ｦ0fl 096ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0fl 08026ｦ0036ｦ ｦ06 502fl0003 $ , 6ｦ0 6 76ｦ apple040ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl apple fl0ｷ309fl apple6 50ｸ apple apple fl ｦ ｹ ｦ apple fl , 06016ｦ ｦ fl ｦ ｨｪ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ0 17%, apple0003fl 016ｦ ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ fl 08apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8, 016ｦ ｦ ｹ apple090ｹ ｦ fl0306fl ｸ fl ｹ ｦ (ICG 2001: 14). ｨｪfl apple0003fl ｦ0 ( % ｨｨ ) ｦ0 0ｸ806 6ｦ apple 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple fl ｹ ｹ ｹ apple000207apple030ｸ8. ｨ apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ00206fl 06036ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ000030ｸ8apple , ｦ00ｹ ｸ fl apple0003fl, ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple6ｦ fl 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple ｸ apple ｦ fl 0ｸ908000ｸ803 apple , apple0ｸ fl0ｷ309fl, apple6ｦ000090ｹ0-000ｸ apple0ｸ8, ｷ ｹ ｹ apple000009fl 08apple ｦ00ｸ ｦ06 56ｦ fl 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｨｨapple apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ8 006ｦ ｦ06 502fl02 7,5%, ｦ00107 apple006ｦ ｸ806 04apple apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ80400, 0ｹ ｨBfl0600fl000306fl 0601apple0ｸ apple6ｦ ｷ30006, apple fl. (ADB 2002a: 115). ｨｺ apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ8, 04 07apple07086ｦ ｸ fl 096ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0030ｸ ｦ apple090ｹ009006ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ803 08apple ｦ fl ｦ0, 046ｦ0apple0ｸ8006ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ (ICG 2001: iii). 000ｸ apple ｦ fl6 502fl000306fl 036ｦ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl: 030ｸ806fl0ｹ009 0ｹ ｦ00ｸ ｸ800 0ｸ908000ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ apple090ｹ apple6ｦ0030ｸ apple07 000ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｹ06 50ｸ8, 0009apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ ｨｨ apple ｦ0 006ｦ fl apple096 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ803 apple6ｦ apple ｦ0 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ apple fl ｦ00009fl ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 01 0ｹ apple096 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ appleapple090307apple09fl03 016ｦ001 apple6ｦ ｦ003 08apple fl ｸ ｷ ｦ ｦ apple000009fl apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ apple076 5 (Jumagulov 2003) ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0, fl ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909 Freedom House 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ06 56ｦ applefl ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｹ ｸ803 ｱ apple fl0306fl ｸ803 ｱ (Freedom House 2002). ｨ , 6 7apple ｸ8 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ apple ｦ0 036ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ fl ｦ0 0207apple0309apple076 56ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0. ｨｨ6ｦ0apple026ｦ ｦ fl ｦ ｸ apple ｸ803 08apple apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ8 07apple0ｸ8, fl fl ｹ apple fl apple07 6ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8, 06036ｦ apple6 50ｸ applefl030ｸ ｸ ｸ8 07apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｨｦ 006ｦ apple ｦ0apple026ｦ ｸ8 07apple0ｸ ｹ06ｦ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ ｦ000 6ｦ0apple036ｦ apple090ｹ apple flapple000ｸ apple0ｸ ｹ06ｦ fl ｦ0apple026ｦ applefl 6ｦ ｹ ｦ0apple apple ｸ ｦ ｦ (OSCE/ODIHR 2000a: 1). ｨｦ096ｦ0 070ｹ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ803 0ｹ apple ｸ ｦ apple6 50ｸ806 apple000200apple , apple0ｸ fl0206fl apple6ｦ ｨ fl, ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9, ｸ806fl ｹ009fl 08apple ｦ ｦ0apple026ｦ ｦ0, ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple6ｦ06 56ｦ0 0ｹ ｦ0 (OSCE/ODIHR 2003: 1). ｨｦ ｹ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ , ｸ90ｸ apple ｹ ｦ00ｹ fl ｹ fl apple apple ｸ803 apple000207apple apple07000ｸ8 006ｦ fl, apple ｸ fl000306fl 006ｦ ｦ ｹ apple ｦ0apple ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 09 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ,4% ｨｨ ,1% (UNICEF 2002) ｹ ｦ fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ00ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00300

17 fl ｦ0 07 0ｸ fl apple fl 006ｦ fl ｦ ｷ apple076 56ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ fl 01 apple000207apple036ｦ applefl 006ｦ0 006ｦ00ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple000207apple030ｸ8, ｦ0 07 apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ apple ｦ fl apple040ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ , 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ90ｸ fl ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ (USAID 2003). 046ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple apple07fl ｸ8046ｦ fl 096ｦ0 060ｹ fl 036ｦ ｦ apple076 5, 016ｦ appleapple04080ｷ309fl, 06apple6ｦ ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0, 0000apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00608apple fl , apple ｦ fl, apple6ｦ ｷ36ｦ0, apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl, 08apple ｷ ｸ apple ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, fl0009fl 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ8 (00000ｹ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ , ｸ8 07 apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl), 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 006ｦ008applefl ｦ ｦ0fl 006ｦ0apple apple fl apple6 76ｦ apple00006ｦ fl ｸ8 096ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｸ ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8, 0ｹ apple ｦ ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｷ36ｦ ｷ300020ｸ806 applefl ｸ ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ ｷ apple00 0ｹ ｹ , 0ｹ06ｦ apple apple apple ｸ ｦ003. ｨｨ ｦ0, 040ｹ0apple fl ｨｦ02090ｷ3096ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple fl ｦ0apple026ｦ ｦ0apple0909, apple ｸ8 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ0040ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ fl ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ ｦ apple , , 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｷ36ｦ ｦ00ｸ ｦ002090ｹ ｦ ｦ fl0909. ｨｬ08apple6ｦ apple09apple07 000ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309, apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ ｹ ｸ apple ｦ ｹ0apple fl0309. ｨｨ ｨB fl apple ｹ ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ ｦ0apple ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ ｹ0apple fl, 036ｦ , 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 016ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ0fl ｦ0fl ｦ0, ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl 096ｦ0 0703apple6ｦ apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple , apple00046ｦ00ｸ apple0ｸ apple ｹ ｹ ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ0, 036ｦ ｦ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0, 08apple07030ｸ ｦ06 7applefl apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｸ ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨC 0ｹ ｷ3090ｸ apple ｦ ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ applefl 0ｹ ｹ , ｸ fl0ｸ903, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｷ3090ｸ fl 0ｸ ｦ ｸ7applefl0ｸ ｹ apple000604apple ｦ apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl0309 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ ｹ0apple , ｹ ｦ apple ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl03 ( ｦ ｦ0apple006ｦ0fl ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ ), ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple ｷ ｦ0 0907apple6ｦ0 ( ｸ9 096ｦ0 066ｦ ｦ0apple fl000900), ｦ ｸ ｸ ｸ803 6ｦ ( ｸ ｦ ｦ ), ｦ0apple ｸ806 apple apple ( ｸ ｦ0 086ｦ ｸ ), apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ800 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8, 036ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｱ (08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 07apple00 0ｸ ｸ9), 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ0apple ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ fl ｹ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ apple ｦ fl ｦ003070ｹ ｷ ｦ00ｸ90306fl apple070209apple040ｸ90306fl apple ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl. ｨｦ 6ｦ apple ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｹ ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ8, apple0ｸ ｹ ｦ ｸ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ applefl 006ｦ ｸ ｦ apple036ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ , 08apple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｦ apple apple apple6ｦ (09 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , fl ), apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｸ apple0708apple09fl ｹ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl ｦ003070ｹ ｦ , 6ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 08apple6ｦ ｹ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ309fl 08apple09 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ fl 0207apple036ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0apple026ｦ apple0900fl apple ｦ ｨ ｷ ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ ｦ ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ00ｷ ｷ fl 006ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple apple ｦ0 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｸ903, apple ｦ fl 08apple ｸ800 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl apple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0090ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ06 76ｦ00ｸ apple6ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 (ADB 2002a). 030ｸ ｦ0000ｸ8 0800apple6 50ｸ ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｹ ｹ apple00060ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ8 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｷ300080ｷ apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ apple0900fl026ｦ apple0003 6ｧ83 70ｨｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｷ300080ｷ apple ｹ ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｱ. ｨｬ016ｦ009 ｨｨapple ｦ0 6ｧ ｨｦ ｷ300080ｷ309fl03 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｱ, 08apple0900fl030ｸ ｸ902fl , 006ｦ0applefl ｹ ｹ , ｹ , 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ apple07096ｦ ｦ ｦ003apple6ｦ ｦ fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 016ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｨｨapple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000036ｦ0fl 0603apple6ｦ fl ｦ0 6 50ｸ fl030006fl

18 ｸ ｷ ｦ00309, apple ｹ ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ002 ｨｺ6ｦ003070ｹ000040ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ ｦ0036ｦ apple fl ｷ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , ｷ apple ｸ ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ003, apple6ｦ009apple04-046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｸ , ｷ ｨｴ01 ｨｦｨｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0 006ｦ apple6ｦ fl0009fl 09 ｨｦapple ｷ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple0900fl apple apple6ｦ ｸ apple07066ｦ003, 016ｦ0066ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ , ｦ ｸ ｹ fl 0ｹ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｷ ｦ0 060ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple076 7apple6ｦ apple ｸ ｦ apple00 08apple6ｦ , , apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ700 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ02090ｷ3096ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｹ ｦ0 06 0ｷ ｸ fl 06036ｦ apple apple fl, ｦ00107 applefl 08apple ｸ8036ｦ fl 006ｦ0026ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ , 006ｦ008apple090300apple, ｦ ｷ30909apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ ｸ806 08apple apple00016ｦ003 ｨｮ04 09 ｨｪ6ｦ0026ｦ006 ( ｦ ). ｨｨapple6ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ apple006ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ806 0ｹ ｹ apple apple ｦ0 6ｦ003046ｦ ｨｰ ｷ36ｦ0apple apple6ｦ ｦ fl0ｸ apple0003fl apple ｦ apple apple6 76ｦ , 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｦ00009fl ｸ803 apple000604apple ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｨｪapple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0006ｦ0fl 0703apple6ｦ0006ｦ0 0907apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl ｨC ｦ0fl ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ009090ｸ9 ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ ｨｪfl0000-ｨｰ6ｦ000fl. ｨｨapple ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ0apple0ｸ8ｨｮ apple6ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ00000, ｦ0 6ｦ06 76ｦ0020ｸ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｨｮ6ｦ003016ｦ ｨｬ ｦ applefl 006ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｹ ｦ0, 08apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 08apple apple ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0 3: apple ｹ ｦ ｦ0: apple ｨｮ04 09 ｨｪ6ｦ0026ｦ006. ｨｨapple6ｦ ｦ0 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 07 apple6ｦ apple ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｸ ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ04 (00ｨｴ01 ｨｦｨｦ04) 09 ｨｴ ｹ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ04 02fl ｨｪ ｦ0006ｦ0 (ｨｴ050102ｨｪｨｦ) 096ｦ ｸ7000ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｷ ｸ9 0ｹ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ fl 07 apple00016ｦ003 ｨｮ04 09 ｨｪ6ｦ0026ｦ006. ｨｦapple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ apple ｹ ｦ apple (ｨｦ030500) 0ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｦ0 02fl fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ0, apple0ｸ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ00206fl apple ｦ apple ｦ0 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ06ｦ fl ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｸ8 0ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｸ ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 096ｦ0 060ｹ ｦ00009fl ｷ ｦ ｸ8, apple070ｷ300 04apple, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl ｨｨapple apple ｦ06 76ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple070ｷ300 04apple apple6ｦ ｸ , apple0ｸ ｸ8 0ｸ apple ｸ apple07006ｦ00309, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｹ apple ｦ00ｷ fl ｦ00009fl 0ｹ ｹ apple ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｸ806 08apple apple090300apple ｹ fl apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ ｸ ｨB ｦ apple , 0ｹ00307, 036ｦ apple6ｦ , ｦ apple ｸ9 apple ｦ ｦ fl. ｨ ｹ : OSCE 2002

19 16 4 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ009096ｦ apple ｦ0. ｨｦ00 6 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ ｦ , ｦ00003, 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ % appleapple090307apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 ｨC 0ｹ apple000ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ8, ｸ apple0ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ ｸ ｦ0 04apple applefl. ｨ apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ ｸ apple000ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｨｨ00apple ｹ apple fl applefl fl apple6ｦ ｹ apple apple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ0036ｦ ｸ8. ｨ 09 6, ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 67% ｨC 0ｹ ｦ ; ｦ06 502fl0ｸ ｦ ｹ (23%). 70% 006ｦ fl 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ003. ｨｨ apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ0026ｦ ｦ003fl08006ｦ0fl 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ0, 08apple ｦ ｦ0fl06fl ｨｨapple apple ｸ90ｸ apple07006ｦ ｸ apple ｸ8 0ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ06 5fl0ｸ ｹ ｸ8, ｸ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ apple6ｦ06 5 apple ｸ8, 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple000207apple036ｦ00307apple ｦ applefl 0ｸ8 0409apple ｨｦ ｨB ｦ ｷ apple ｦ apple fl0009fl apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ ｹ , 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｹ apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl, ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ806 04apple0700 0ｹ10000apple ｹ fl apple6ｦ00603apple apple00, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ009apple ｦ ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ fl. ｨｺ flapple000ｸ ｸ ｦ fl ｸ apple ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ apple ｦ fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ803 apple000604apple ; 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ000000ｸ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ8 0ｹ ｸ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ0fl 06036ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｹ , 076 7apple ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ ｦ003070ｹ0000ｸ apple ｦ0apple ｦ0, apple apple07066ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ apple ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ009096ｦ apple6ｦ ｷ ｸ803 apple000604apple fl6 502fl000306fl 02fl ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ apple , apple000ｸ apple000ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ8 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple086ｦ ｦ003070ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ , 06040ｸ ｸ ｦ0fl 04fl apple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ0036ｦ ｦ003, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ apple070ｹ10000apple fl ｦ0. ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ9 ｨｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ00309 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ ｸ fl, fl0ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl06fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｹ ｸ ｹ apple ｸ8 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl ｦ fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｨ ｦ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ , 08apple , ｦ0096ｦ00207, 0ｹ % 006ｦ fl ｦ (UNICEF 2000). 01apple , 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｸ90306fl 08apple ｸ fl, ｸ ｦ00009fl fl apple09apple07 0ｸ apple6ｦ000fl00030ｸ appleapple090307apple0906, apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ8. ｨｨapple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ0036ｦ ｸ8 6 50ｸ8apple6ｦ0086ｦ00ｸ90306fl, apple07000ｸ8, applefl fl03, fl03, 6 7applefl ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ008000ｸ ｦ fl03, apple0ｸ ｦ apple040ｸ ｹ ｦ ｸ806 04apple0700 0ｹ ( ｦ0apple6ｦ003 05ｨｰ02). ｨｪ6ｦ fl 08apple fl ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ008 0ｸ apple apple07000ｸ8, 0603apple6ｦ apple fl 0800apple ｹ ｦ ｦ fl ｦ ｦ00309, apple0ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｦ apple070ｹ10000apple fl ｨｨ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple ｹ , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｦ fl ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003, 0703apple090ｷ36ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ ｹ ｦ fl 06apple ｦ ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9, 036ｦ apple6ｦ , ｦ fl apple6ｦ009. ｨｨapple6ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl , 0ｹ ｦ ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0 090ｷ ｸ fl apple ｸ ｦ00ｷ309fl03, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｷ ｸ803 apple000604apple fl 08apple ｸ apple0708apple09fl030906, apple0ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ apple07090ｸ8 006ｦ ｸ fl fl03 08apple09apple07 000ｸ ｸ fl apple07030ｸ apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 096ｦ0086ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0807apple apple ｸ8 0ｹ1apple ｦ fl. ｨｴapple070909fl 08apple ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9, apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 0807apple ｦ0 0ｹ1036ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 0ｸ8026ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 08apple090300apple fl 60% 07apple07046ｦ000030ｸ (ADB 2000: xi). ｨ 6ｦ ｦ ｦ003070ｹ apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ apple , 0ｹ fl6 502fl000306fl ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ8, ｸ90ｸ fl 02fl 07apple fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple fl applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ % 0300appleapple090307apple0909 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 ｨC 0ｹ ｦ ｸ , fl , , 096 7apple6ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ9 apple ｹ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. ｨ 6ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｹ06 50ｸ ｦ ｸ80ｹ06ｦ0 04apple6ｦ ｸ803 apple ｦ0 09apple076 56ｦ ｸ80ｹ009, 0ｹ ｦ apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ fl 02fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl apple0ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003 04apple apple6ｦ0 096ｦ00ｷ apple006 50ｸ8046ｦ00ｸ ｦ006000ｸ806 04apple ｹ fl0300 apple6ｦ009.

20 apple076 56ｦ apple000ｸ appleapple090307apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ apple , 0ｹ ｹ ｸ fl6 502fl000306fl apple ｹ apple6ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 apple6ｦ apple ｹ apple0001, ｦ0apple ｦ06 56ｦ apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ00309, apple0ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ applefl 006ｦ ｦ003070ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｷ , 06036ｦ000 6ｦ0apple030ｸ8 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ9 6ｦ00ｸ90306fl; 02fl apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｦ003070ｹ ｹ ｹ ｦ00009fl ｦ ｸ apple000ｸ ｦ , 0ｹ apple ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｸ % 070ｹ ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ apple (ibid.). 046ｦ0 016ｦ00ｹ apple ｸ8 036ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl 036ｦ apple070ｷ ｸ8, 016ｦ ｦ ｹ06 50ｸ8, ｷ ｦ06 7applefl ｦ apple ｸ80ｹ009. ｨｨ fl fl0009fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl 006ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ000016ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl, 70016ｦ008 0ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 0ｷ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ ｨC 09 07apple ｦ fl, ｦ fl fl apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨC 07016ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｸ fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple ｱ (ibid: 60). ｨｮ6ｦ ｦ , 0800apple00 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl , 036ｦ ｦ , apple6ｦ apple0709, 09006ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ apple , ｦ ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｹ ｨC ｹ , 08apple006 50ｸ8046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ % apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ8 (ibid.). 000ｸ ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ8 fl6 502fl000306fl ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl applefl 006ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple09apple076 56ｦ ｸ ｨB ｷ ｸ ｦ fl apple0702fl 096ｦ0 apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｦ0, 0703apple090ｷ36ｦ ｸ fl ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｨｨapple6ｦ apple apple006ｦ06 709apple076 56ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple090ｹ ｦ apple000604apple apple ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ8 08apple0907 apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｦ ｦ apple fl ｱ apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｨｨapple ｸ8 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ8 6ｦ ｦ ｸ fl apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ803 apple0001 (036ｦ ｦ ｸ8apple 6ｦ0apple00fl 09 ｨ 00apple6ｦ ｦ000). 0502fl 070ｷ ｦ ｦ apple ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ apple ｦ0. 05 apple6ｦ003016ｦ003 apple ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ0 6 5 apple ｦ ｦ0000ｷ apple ｦ0, 08apple090ｹ ｨC 6 5 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ0000ｷ ｦ ｸ applefl0ｹ ｹ0016ｦ003 ｱ, 0ｹ applefl ｦ06 7applefl ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｨｨapple6ｦ ｦ0 036ｦ apple ｦ0 0ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ fl 02fl 006ｦ0026ｦ ｦ00009fl apple ｹ ｦ ｦ0; 06036ｦ ｸ80ｹ0000ｸ ｹ06ｦ006030ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｸ ｷ ｹ000000ｸ803 (ibid: 15ｨC16). 000ｸ apple090300apple ｦ fl ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 09 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ apple00 03apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple fl6 502fl000306fl apple ｹ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ000000ｸ806 08apple090300apple 08apple ｦ ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ apple apple ｹ1036ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ8, apple6ｦ0fl 06040ｸ ｦ00307apple ｦ0 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ ｷ3090ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ0 0505ｨｨ ｦ0026ｦ apple070603; 0ｹ1036ｦ ｷ309fl 06036ｦ0026ｦ0 000ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple , ｦ ｸ8 apple ｦ0 0505ｨｨ ｹ , % (ADB 2002a: 119). ｨｬapple fl0ｷ ｦ % , 016ｦ apple ｹ apple086ｦ00206fl apple6 56ｦ % (UNICEF 2002). ｨｴ ｹ fl ｸ ｦ001apple07-0ｹ ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｸ ｸ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ0 6ｦ0020ｸ fl 09 apple6ｦ apple fl apple ｦ0, applefl 006ｦ0 08apple ｸ ｦ ｦ fl0ｸ apple0003fl 006ｦ fl ｸ apple 08apple fl 20% 0505ｨｨ ｸ ｦ000fl apple6ｦ0 070ｹ ｸ8 (ADB 2002a: 118). ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ , fl ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ fl apple6ｦ fl 036ｦ ｹ ｷ ｨ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ apple096 56ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ800 08apple070ｷ ｸ8, ｹ ｦ apple076 56ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｷ ｸ apple ｦ00ｷ fl apple ｦ0. ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ0030ｸ800 08apple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ8, 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , apple fl ｸ ｦ000030ｸ803 ( ｦ0, 0600apple00 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0006ｦ0), 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ002 02fl apple6ｦ fl apple070ｹ10000apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ0 006ｦ fl 006ｦ0 03apple apple apple apple070ｹ10000apple ; 90% ｹ10000apple apple fl0ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple fl 006ｦ apple070ｹ apple070ｹ10000apple ｨｦ ｸ apple070ｹ apple ｦ0000ｷ30909 apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 apple ｦ00304 (US DoE 2002). ｨ 006ｦ00ｹ ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ apple ｹ apple090ｹ ｦ fl apple ｦ0020ｸ fl: 006ｦ0 0ｹ apple6ｦ apple fl 40% apple00 02fl apple6ｦ ｹ apple090ｹ ｦ0; 6ｦ0020ｸ ｨC ｹ apple ｸ8apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. ｨｨ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ0apple036ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ10000apple ｨｰ02, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ fl 08apple ｦ apple070ｹ apple070ｹ10000apple , 0ｹ ｸ apple ｦ0apple apple6ｦ ｦ fl0ｸ70000

21 18 6 5apple0003fl ｦ ｦ fl % 0ｹ ｷ3096ｦ0026ｦ0 (ibid.). 0503apple ｸ apple070ｹ apple ｦ0000ｷ ｸ90ｸ ｹ apple070800apple00 6ｦ00ｹ ｦ fl0ｸ apple0003fl ｸ fl000306fl 08apple apple ｦ ｦ000016ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl. ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 fl6 502fl000306fl 0ｹ ｸ apple0300apple ｦ0096ｦ0, applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｸ apple fl ｸ ｦ000030ｸ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ0026ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00603apple apple fl apple6ｦ , 0ｹ ｦ003fl ｦ ｹ apple applefl 006ｦ apple apple040808, 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ70903 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple00060ｸ8, 08apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 006ｦ0 0807apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ apple06 006ｦ0 036ｦ001apple070ｹ ｹ ｸ ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple apple apple000ｸ803 apple000207apple03. ｨｨ07 070ｷ ｦ ｦ000016ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl, ｦ0fl 046 7apple07096ｦ0 02fl 0ｹ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ06ｦ fl ｸ808026ｦ ｦ ,7% ｨｨ 0ｸ ｦ008026ｦ00009apple076 56ｦ fl ｦ00009fl ｦ0, apple6ｦ ,3% (ADB 2002a: 119). 01apple , apple apple fl ｦ00ｹ ｸ806 apple ｨｨ, 0ｹ apple00 0ｸ8 040ｸ ｸ8. ｨｴ ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ803 apple0ｸ ｦ0 09 6ｦ0020ｸ fl: 006ｦ0 0ｹ ｦ ｦ0 08apple ｷ apple fl ｸ % ｹ apple03000ｸ (Ibid.). C 040ｹ fl0009fl 0ｹ apple6ｦ apple , 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ803 0ｷ ｦ0 0ｹ ｸ8 08apple ｷ apple ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ000066ｦ0 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8, 0ｹ ｦ ｸ fl 02fl 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｷ apple , 0ｹ0apple apple006ｦ0fl 07 0ｸ80ｹ06ｦ0 6ｦ0020ｸ fl apple00, apple07fl , 08apple ｸ ｷ300000ｸ ｸ ｸ apple07090ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ9 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ fl096ｦ0000ｸ8 06 0ｹ06ｦ006030ｸ ｦ ｦ00309, apple0ｸ apple apple apple036ｦ ｷ30ｸ8 09 0ｹ apple070ｹ10000apple ｨｴ apple07090ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 ｨC 066ｦ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ000 0ｸ ｸ9096ｦ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ0. ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ000016ｦ0, 80% 006ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ000apple (World Bank 2002) apple6ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ ｨｨ ｦ0apple ｦ ｹ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ06 502fl02 $1152 (UNDP 2002). ｨｦ 0ｸ ｹ ｹ ｨB apple ｸ9 04apple fl 0009apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ ｦ fl. ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ803 ｨｦｨｦ04, 08apple070ｷ ｦ000fl ｦ fl 08apple076 7apple apple6ｦ00ｸ76ｦ00206fl 06 72% % (UNICEF 2002). 05 apple ｦ00300, ｦ003 apple6ｦ ｸ8 0603apple6ｦ ｸ806. 0ｹ , ｦ ｦ0 4: ｨｪapple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8: 6ｦ0020ｸ ｸ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ0 00 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0020ｸ ｸ ｦ ｰｨｪ6ｦ0 6ｦ009 ｱ 6 5 ｨｪ04apple ｦ0 00 ｨC apple ｦ ｸ803 08apple00-08apple09fl ｸ ｸ9096ｦ0. ｨ 6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ000090ｷ30ｸ8 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ apple00-08apple09fl ｸ8 apple6ｦ0060ｸ86 56ｦ apple04086ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple applefl 016ｦ ｸ apple00 000ｸ ｸ , apple0ｸ ｨC 0ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ ｦ006000ｸ apple apple ｸ8 apple07060ｸ8 0ｹ ｸ ｦ06 7applefl0900fl0ｸ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ appleapple090307apple apple046 7 ｨｪ04apple ｦ0 00, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｦ004016ｦ0-6ｦ0apple00fl apple036ｦ000 6ｦ0apple00fl, 006ｦ fl 040ｸ700apple 08070ｹ06 56ｦ003, apple6ｦ003, 0807apple6ｦ0-086ｦ0fl ｨｨ fl 0ｹ ｸ8 apple fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ ; 6 5 apple apple apple09apple fl 6 50ｸ apple ｦ ｦ apple , 01apple apple000ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ apple ｦ ｸ8, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl. 0502fl 0ｹ apple fl 0ｹ apple apple6ｦ ｦ0 ｨｺ ｨｬ ｦ ｨｺ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ ｦ apple ｹ ｹ ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｦ00ｷ , 006ｦ00307 fl0ｸ fl fl fl ｦ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｦ0. 056ｦ ｦ ｦ fl apple ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple09apple apple6ｦ000000ｸ ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 09 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0, 6ｦ0 036ｦ fl apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8 006ｦ0040ｹ ｹ apple ｹ ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0 08apple00 08apple09fl apple fl apple6ｦ00ｸ fl 6 50ｸ8 apple apple00 000ｸ ｸ ｦ0 08apple00 08apple09fl ｸ ｦ apple ｦ apple07020ｸ9 096ｦ0 096ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0. ｨｺ006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple ｦ008000ｸ apple0708apple09fl ｦ ｸ fl000306fl ｨB ｨｪ , ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000 08apple ｦ ｦ ｹ apple07066ｦ ｹ apple000009fl ｦ ｦ0026ｦ apple ｹ apple ｸ9. ｨ ｹ : ADB 2000; Fluoride Action Network 2003

22 ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｦ ｨｺ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9; ｸ ｷ ｦ003, ｹ ｦ , apple09apple040ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ8, 08apple006 50ｸ ｹ (ADB 2002a: 118). ｨｦ 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 08apple ｦ , 6 5 0ｹ apple070ｹ , ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ apple ｸ apple apple apple6ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple apple6ｦ006036ｦ0 (UNICEF 2002) ｸ ｸ90ｸ apple ｸ8 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 0807apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ0fl 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ ｨｦ006ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｹ ｹ apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ , ｷ3096ｦ ｦ ｹ009fl ｸ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ fl. ｨｴ apple ｸ8 08apple fl apple00046ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ001 08apple , 036ｦ ｦ0apple026ｦ ｸ8 07apple0ｸ , 0ｸ apple ｦ0000ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple086ｦ00ｸ ｹ ｸ ｦ0apple fl, apple000ｸ80309 (OSCE/ODIHR 2000b: 2ｨC3) , 08apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ apple ｸ8, 0607 apple6ｦ ｨB , fl ｹ ｸ8 08apple ｦ ｸ ｷ (ibid.). ｨｪ6ｦ0016ｦ0fl ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl ｹ009026ｦ ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 070ｷ Freedom House ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ : ｸ9 0ｹ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909, 0603apple6ｦ0006ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl ｱ (Freedom House 2002) , 040ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ ｨ 06026ｦ ｦ0apple applefl 6ｦ0 apple ｦ0apple ｦ0apple026ｦ ｸ8 07apple6ｦ003 fl6 502fl000306fl 08apple090300apple ｹ fl ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ8 07apple apple6ｦ ｦ0. 05apple00 09 apple apple , apple0ｸ800 08apple fl apple00046ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8, ｨC ｦ00ｷ309fl 09 apple apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｸ ｷ ｸ ｸ apple0309apple076 56ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple apple09fl 006ｦ fl 6ｦ ｨｨ ｦ0, 040ｹ0apple fl ｦ ｷ30909 ｨｺ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000, ｦ0apple ｦ0apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ06 56ｦ0 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ0 026ｦ apple09fl ｸ9 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple00 04 ｱ ｦ00ｹ ｹ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｸ802 08apple0900fl03 ｨ 6ｦ apple6ｦ apple09apple07 0ｸ8, 096ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ0fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 ( ) ｦ0apple ｦ0fl 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 07 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ( ). ｨｬ ｸ802 08apple0900fl03 applefl 08026ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple0ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 apple ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple , 036ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ , 0703apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl ｦ00ｸ709036ｦ apple fl 006ｦ fl ｦ001 6ｦ ｸ802 08apple0900fl03 096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple09apple07 0ｸ apple apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 08apple09 6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ apple apple , 6 56ｦ ｸ9 apple apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04-086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ apple apple ｦ0, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, apple ｹ0apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ006000ｸ ｦ0-0ｷ309fl apple6ｦ008 6ｦ apple070000, apple fl ｦ apple ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨｦ 006ｦ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ fl ｦ0026ｦ ｹ ｸ9 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ ｹ apple00. 01apple , 0ｹ apple apple ｦ0 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple09apple07 0ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ apple090300apple ｹ ｹ ｷ300 08apple fl ｦ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ apple apple ｦ fl apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ8. 05 apple ｦ ｸ7040ｸ76ｦ00ｸ90306fl 0600apple ｸ800 08apple ｸ ｷ ｦ (ADB 2000: xii). 056ｦ000006ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl fl000306fl 00000ｹ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ8, 006ｦ apple6ｦ0020ｸ8 096ｦ0 040ｸ700apple 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple ｹ ｸ8, ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ apple apple040ｸ ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ000 6ｦ0apple apple , ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0, 016ｦ ｷ ｦ fl 006ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple00 04, 08apple apple ｨ 6ｦ apple6ｦ apple09apple07 0ｸ8, apple ｦ ｸ8, applefl 006ｦ0 6ｦ apple076 56ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple ｨｺfl apple ｦ , 0ｹ00307 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ ｦ fl0909 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ002090ｹ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ06 7applefl fl 0701apple04086ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6 5 apple ｦ fl ｦ ｦ0020ｸ ｦ ｦ0 6 5 ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ apple6 7090ｹ ｷ ｸ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ0 00, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ0fl apple6ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ ｨ 06026ｦ0apple6ｦ , 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｹ ｹ apple00046ｦ fl ｹ , 0ｹ apple ｸ800 08apple090ｹ009000ｸ8, ｦ00ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000030ｸ803 08apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ002 ｨｺ6ｦ003070ｹ000040ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ ｦ0036ｦ apple fl ｷ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ,

23 20 0ｷ apple ｸ ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ003, apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ ｸ ｨｦapple ｷ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple0900fl apple apple6ｦ ｸ apple07066ｦ003, 016ｦ0066ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ , apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｷ ｹ ｷ ｦ , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｸ apple applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ00307 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ002 ｨｦapple ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9, 6ｦ0 ｨ 6ｦ apple6ｦ apple09apple07 0ｸ ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｸ , ｦ ｸ ｹ fl 07 0ｸ apple070ｷ ｸ8 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｸ700 08apple ｦ ｨ 6ｦ ｸ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple ｦ0-0009fl ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple0309apple076 56ｦ ｨｦ 006ｦ fl 01 0ｹ ｦ apple ｦ fl ｷ3096ｦ ｹ000000ｸ803; apple6ｦ ｦ ｨｨｨｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple apple09apple076 56ｦ ｸ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909, apple0ｸ803, 016ｦ ｹ009036ｦ fl, ｦ ｸ9 00fl (ADB 2000: 82). ｨｨ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ9 00fl ｸ700006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ003. ｨｦ ｦ ｨｨｨｦ 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ

24 5 ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ apple6ｦ , ｦ0086ｦ ｦ applefl. ｨｴ ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ009096ｦ apple ｦ0. ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｷ30ｸ ｦ ｦ , ｨ apple6ｦ , 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｦ0fl 0300appleapple090307apple09fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ06 502fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ apple ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0066ｦ apple09apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple fl fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ800000ｸ ｦ ｦ00203: ｦ fl ｸ800fl 016ｦ0apple6ｦ ｨC ｦ apple ｹ06ｦ0000ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ0. ｨｪ04apple ｦ , ｸ ｦ ｨC 006ｦ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ0apple apple6ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ ｦ fl ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 006ｦ008applefl ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ0 02fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0, applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ ｸ ｸ ｦ0, 6ｦ00909apple040ｸ90ｸ fl 006ｦ0 apple apple , ｷ3096ｦ fl6 502fl030006fl ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl 6ｦ apple6ｦ003090ｹ0000ｸ806 08apple ｦ0086ｦ0apple0304apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple ｦ00003, ｹ06ｦ , , 6ｦ ｦ0 07 apple fl 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ00206fl ｦ003070ｹ ｦ001apple0ｸ8030ｸ803 02fl apple6ｦ fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ ｸ8 08apple ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ803 apple000604apple ｦ06 7applefl fl fl ｸ apple07030ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ fl0309 apple6ｦ fl fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 096ｦ001apple0ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｹ , 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ06 56ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ8, apple0709apple6ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ06ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｸ8 096ｦ ｦ apple000604apple ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 006ｦ008applefl , 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ apple6ｦ , ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ8 02fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0. 050ｸ ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ apple076 56ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple apple040ｸ apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl. ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ9 ｨｪapple6ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ ｦ , 0403apple6ｦ0036ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl, 0ｹ1apple070909fl ｦ ｹ06 5, 0ｹ0apple apple ｦ apple000ｹ ｸ8 02fl 07apple fl 09 apple fl fl , 096ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｹ06 50ｸ ｷ309 6ｦ apple ｨC ｹ apple ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ ｸ8. ｨｬ03apple6ｦ0036ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple fl fl ｸ9 0ｹ ｦ0, 08apple fl0ｸ ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9 076ｦ apple000ｸ ｦ ｦ ｨｴ ｹ ｦ0fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl fl000306fl apple00 086ｦ fl 04apple fl 6 7apple ｸ ｸ8060ｸ8036ｦ00009fl 016ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple fl 6 5 0ｷ30002fl apple apple07030ｸ apple6ｦ fl (Ladonina 2001:19). ｨｮapple apple apple ｷ apple ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ fl ｸ apple ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl 006ｦ apple ｦ fl. 030ｸ ｸ apple07030ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ0060ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｸ8000ｸ9, 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 6 7apple ｸ ｸ fl ｸ , 08apple6ｦ ｹ apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple000109, 08apple fl ｸ ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｨB ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ , , ｷ apple ｹ ｹ apple ｦ00300, 6 5 apple00016ｦ003, ｹ , 006ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ00ｸ90306fl 0ｹ0apple apple000ｸ800 04apple apple086ｦ00009fl ｹ ｸ fl ｹ fl apple ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ8 (0807 6ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ ｦ00009fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 096ｦ ) ｦ apple ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ applefl 0603apple6ｦ0 6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ ｦ , 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ000030ｸ ｦ06 7applefl ; 6ｦ000000ｸ806 apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0 0ｸ ｨBfl ｹ ｹ fl (ibid.) ｷ ｸ803 apple000604apple apple ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl 006ｦ fl apple09apple apple00 0ｸ fl03 08apple ｦ00009fl 006ｦ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｨC ｨC 006ｦ0 08apple fl ｦ0. ｨｪ04apple ｦ apple0003fl 006ｦ fl ｨｬ ｦ apple ｦ00009fl ｸ apple ｹ ｹ apple000604apple066ｦ0 6 5 apple ｨC apple ｦ0apple00fl, 08apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｹ000apple ｹ000040ｸ9 0ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple0003fl 0ｹ ｦ008000ｸ ｹ ｸ8 apple flapple ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｦ00ｹ ｦ0030ｸ ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｸ ｨB apple6ｦ ｨ 6ｦ06 7applefl ｸ apple ｸ apple09030ｸ8016ｦ00ｸ90ｸ appleapple090307apple0909, apple0ｸ803 apple000ｹ0006ｦ0fl ｦ fl 02fl fl apple fl. ｨｴ0307, ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, ｦ ｨB00030ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ76ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple ｸ apple ｷ ｹ ｦ apple0ｸ apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple ｸ apple fl 09 07apple fl ｦ fl0009fl 006ｦ fl, ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ apple ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ apple ｹ000006ｦ apple ｸ90ｸ fl ｸ803 apple000604apple apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl 01020ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｸ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple0702fl apple ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ ｦ apple0907 apple ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ000

25 22 096ｦ ｦ fl apple apple ｦ0, 6ｦ0 50% 07apple07046ｦ000030ｸ ｸ76ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｹ apple0ｸ fl apple apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ9 096ｦ ｦ00009fl ｸ apple ｦ0apple00fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple ｨC 0204apple6 76ｦ0 09 ｨｪ ｨｨ ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ apple apple086ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ0, ｦ apple000207apple ｷ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ fl ｦ00009fl, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 08apple096 56ｦ ｦ0-0ｷ fl ｦ ｦ fl apple006ｦ ｸ803 0ｷ ｦ fl apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｹ , apple ｨｨ07 08apple090ｹ ｦ fl ｦ0 ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｹ009036ｦ apple ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ fl 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ (ICG 2002b: 2). ｨｦ0809 6ｦ fl, 0ｹ apple ｸ ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ , apple ｦ0, 016ｦ ｦ00009apple fl, apple6ｦ apple09 apple6ｦ0096ｦ ; 08026ｦ00009apple fl 036ｦ apple6ｦ apple appleapple090307apple0906, ｸ90ｸ fl 02fl ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl. 0502fl apple fl 08apple ｸ8 apple ｦ apple fl 07apple fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ00009apple apple ｷ apple ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple07 ｨ ｨC 01apple ｸ ｸ , ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl fl ｹ ( ｦ ) ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ000 ｨC ｷ3096ｦ ｦ ｦ0apple , 006ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0066ｦ apple09apple ｦ0096ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple000ｸ800 07apple07046ｦ000030ｸ fl ｸ fl. ｨｨ ｹ ｹ ｦ0 6ｦ apple ｦ ｷ ｦ fl 0708apple ｸ806 0ｹ ｹ ｨB0003; 6 5 0ｹ apple0003fl apple ｨｨ ｦ %, apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, 096ｦ0 060ｹ ｸ fl fl apple ｦ fl 6 76ｦ apple ｸ80ｹ06ｦ0 08apple09apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ fl0ｸ apple0003fl ｦ06 502fl apple090300apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｨB , apple ｹ apple000604apple066ｦ ｦ00009apple fl ｹ ｦ0 40% (ADB 2002a: 123). ｨｴ ｹ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｦ0apple0009apple040ｸ90306fl ｦ ｹ ｦ0. ｨｬapple fl0ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ06 502fl %. ｨ 6ｦ0 060ｹ00003 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple apple fl0ｷ3090ｸ9 04 6ｦ ,5% ,4% ( apple ｹ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ %) (ibid: 122). 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl 06036ｦ ｦ apple apple ｨｨ 006ｦ0 04apple ｨC18% ｸ8, 0ｹ apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple apple ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ ｷ309fl0309. ｨｦ0809 6ｦ fl, 0ｹ ｸ806 apple ｨｨ ｦ %, fl ｷ3096ｦ ｦ0fl 096ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｹ ｦ0096ｦ ｸ9 ｨC 18% (ibid.). ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0 0601apple0ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ903 01apple6ｦ006000ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple000207apple apple fl ｦ ｨｦ ｦ00003 apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0 (0ｹ10307, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｦ0apple ｸ800 6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple fl). ｨｴ ｦ0 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl apple076 56ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ ｦ0 apple apple040ｸ90ｸ apple ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0 5: ｷ apple ｸ80009: apple07 ｨ ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ ｸ ｨBfl ｦ apple ｦ ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0 ｨ ｸ ｸ76ｦ0 000ｸ ｨｴ ｸ ｷ apple ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ , apple0ｸ ｦ fl030006fl 096ｦ0 060ｹ fl ｸ ｨｦ0809 6ｦ fl, 0ｹ apple apple00046ｦ apple ｦ ｦ fl ｦ fl 02fl 086ｦ fl 006ｦ ｸ76ｦ ｨｨ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｨB apple ｦ ｦ apple006ｦ0 006ｦ0 0ｹ ｸ76ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｨｬ0ｹ000000ｸ ｦ0066ｦ00ｸ90306fl, 0ｹ apple apple ｨB ｦ apple6ｦ00603apple apple0ｸ8 08apple ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ apple ｹ ｸ8, 09 0ｹ ｦ ｷ apple ｸ apple ｦ0apple090306fl. ｨｦ 006ｦ ｹ ｦ fl 0703apple090ｷ36ｦ00ｸ90306fl 08apple6ｦ ｨｨ ｸ ｦ0000ｸ8 0304apple apple ｦ0 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ0016ｦ002086ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0. ｨｬ fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ0 09apple6ｦ apple ｸ803 apple000604apple ｦ0apple0009, apple6ｦ0fl 08apple ｸ ｦ fl apple076 56ｦ apple ｦ apple ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0-0200, 08apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｹ000apple ｸ8000ｸ9 ｨC 066ｦ apple apple ｦ0006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ apple07066ｦ0, apple ｦ0 0ｸ803040ｸ ｦ fl, 0ｹ ｹ06ｦ00009fl 08apple ｦ0 006ｦ00ｹ fl 0800apple ｸ apple apple04. ｨｦ apple apple fl apple apple6ｦ fl ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309, apple0ｸ apple ｹ0apple apple ｦ000090ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ803 apple000604apple (0ｹ apple ｦ apple ｦ apple apple6ｦ0 ｨ ), apple ｦ06 502fl apple fl apple ｦ ｦ ｨ ｹ : ICG 2002b

26 apple07030ｸ ｦ002090ｷ ｹ apple6ｦ ｹ , apple apple6ｦ ｹ apple07 6ｦ ｦ ｷ30ｸ8 apple apple040ｸ90306fl ｦ0apple ｨｴ ｦ0 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｹ apple036ｦ0 08apple09apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ0. 046ｦ0 ｨｺ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9, ｨｬ01apple6ｦ apple fl 88% 0304apple ｹ apple036ｦ0 08apple09apple ｦ0096ｦ ｨB0003 0ｹ apple036ｦ0 6 50ｸ8apple ｦ0 9%, 0ｹ ｸ apple apple07066ｦ0, 096ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0 02fl ｦ ｦ0096ｦ0 6 5 ｨ apple6ｦ apple07 6ｦ ｦ0096ｦ0 0ｹ000apple0009 ｨｺ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 6ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ (ibid: 121). ｨｨapple07030ｸ apple (6 7026ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , fl ｦ apple6ｦ ) apple ｦ0 27%. ｨｴ apple ｦ0 6 50ｸ8apple ｦ0 7% (ibid.). 0502fl ｸ fl 04apple fl 08apple ｦ0 0900apple ｸ ｷ ｸ9 066ｦ fl ｹ fl ｸ apple apple6ｦ apple apple apple apple000207apple0309apple076 56ｦ000090ｸ fl ｦ0. ｨｦ 006ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｨｺ6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ , ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ003 08apple fl 26% 0505ｨｨ, fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl ｹ apple ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9 02fl 54% 006ｦ fl. ｨｬ ｸ ｨｨ ( ｦ0apple ｦ ) 6 50ｸ8apple $ $ (UNICEF 2002). 056ｦ apple ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0 04apple ｦ0, , ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｦ , apple000ｹ06ｦ fl 01apple6ｦ apple ｨｨ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ000000ｸ803, % 006ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ ｹ000apple ( 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ0096ｦ apple fl000306fl 016ｦ fl 006ｦ fl, 08apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｹ % 06apple apple fl ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8) , ｦ000000ｸ apple ｦ000016ｦ0, ｸ8 006ｦ fl ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ0030ｸ8, 6ｦ0 04apple ｸ8046ｦ fl 06apple ｦ fl ｸ apple ｦ fl (World Bank 2002a). 05 apple apple07000ｸ8, apple6ｦ fl, ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003, apple040ｸ90306fl 09006ｦ00ｹ ｸ fl0309, apple0ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ8 0002fl fl ｦ0030ｸ8 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple ( ｦ0, 0ｹ10000apple6 709fl, ). ｨｨ070ｹ % ｸ ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ803 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ ｸ ｦ000000ｸ apple6ｦ ｷ ｸ903; 6ｦ apple0ｸ8 036ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ06 76ｦ00ｸ903 6ｦ000000ｸ ｹ ｷ apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｸ ｷ3096ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl, apple6ｦ0fl 0ｸ8026ｦ ｦ0006ｦ apple0900fl ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｦ ｨｰ09apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｦ0fl , ｸ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ fl apple apple0ｸ800070ｹ0000ｸ803 08apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ ｨC ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ8, apple0ｸ apple ｦ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｦ ｸ Freedom House apple flapple apple ｦ ｦ00003 ｨｪ04apple ｦ00004 apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 ｱ, apple ｸ fl0ｸ90306fl 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple04046ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｹ apple6ｦ06 56ｦ0. 05apple ｦ0 036ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ00ｷ apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ apple070209apple040ｸ90306fl ｦ0apple (Freedom House 2002). 0502fl ｹ ｸ8 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple0ｸ86 56ｦ appleapple04080ｷ309fl, 09006ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ fl 006ｦ0 6 50ｸ80009, apple apple000009fl 6 5 6ｦ0 apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｷ3096ｦ apple apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, ｦ0apple ｸ apple apple070807apple0ｷ ｹ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl 6ｦ apple6ｦ003090ｹ0000ｸ806 08apple ｦ0086ｦ0apple0304apple6ｦ fl , apple0ｸ806 0ｸ ｦ ｦ009006ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ fl ｹ06ｦ00009fl 06apple07016ｦ fl 036ｦ000 6ｦ0036ｦ0 ｱ 046ｦ0apple07 000ｸ ｨC 07apple6 76ｦ , apple0ｸ fl03 08apple ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ , 086ｦ0apple026ｦ ｦ apple ｸ ｦ0apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｨｰ09apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｦ0fl apple ｦ fl ｦ fl apple fl 006ｦ fl ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｸ8 09 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl. ｨｬapple ｦ ｹ apple ｦ fl 006ｦ0 070ｹ ｸ apple : 016ｦ008 0ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ00ｸ903 (UNICEF 2002). ｨｨ07 apple ｦ0036ｦ ｦ00009fl apple6ｦ002090ｹ ｦ00ｷ fl0009fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl, 08apple ｨｪ04apple ｦ , 47% ｸ % apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ903 6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl 0ｸ8026ｦ0 08apple ｦ0 01apple ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ0fl apple000207apple036ｦ0, 09 04apple apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ ,6% 006ｦ fl. ｨｦ 006ｦ00107 apple ｦ0030ｸ8 apple000207apple030ｸ8 0ｸ apple apple6 56ｦ0000ｸ apple07016ｦ0 07 fl096ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｦ00009fl , 0ｹ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple ｦ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple fl 6 5 apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ003 0ｸ ｸ9096ｦ0, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ ｸ803 6ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｸ applefl 016ｦ ｸ ｸ ｹ apple , 040ｹ ｦ0fl 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ ｦ fl apple076 56ｦ ; 01020ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｦ fl 70ｨｺ ｦ0036ｦ0 ｱ ｨC 0ｹ103090ｹ ｸ , 006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｨｨapple ｨｺ ｦ fl ｦ06 502fl0003 2,5% apple ｦ003070ｹ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ fl03 apple0708 6ｦ ｨC 33 0ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ0 6 5 ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｸ8apple apple6ｦ ｸ (UNDP 2000). ｨｦ 006ｦ ｸ apple ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0 060ｹ00003 apple ｦ0 0505ｨｨ, 6ｦ ｦ0 060ｹ ｹ fl 0ｹ ｹ ｸ

27 24 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ ｹ000030ｸ8 07 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ , ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｨｦｨｦ applefl0ｸ903 6ｦ000000ｸ800, 08apple ｦ06 502fl00030ｸ800 08apple6ｦ ｨｨ ｦ0, 040ｹ0apple fl ｨｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 08apple0900fl030ｸ ｨｨ apple fl ｦ ｸ ｦ apple0900fl03 applefl ｸ803 08apple09apple apple6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ , ｹ ｸ , 096ｦ ｸ8, apple apple040ｸ90ｸ ｦ0 096ｦ06 7applefl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 066ｦ ｦ0apple000ｸ fl, ｦ , 096ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0, fl apple6ｦ ｦ004000ｸ8. ｨｬ08apple6ｦ apple09apple07 000ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｹ ｹ ｷ apple09apple076 56ｦ0000ｸ8, ｹ06ｦ , apple ｦ00009fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ applefl 0ｹ ｹ , ｸ fl0ｸ903, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｷ3090ｸ fl 0ｸ ｦ0, ｸ7applefl0ｸ ｹ apple000604apple ｦ ｨ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ fl, , 006ｦ0 070ｹ apple , ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｹ apple fl. ｨｦ02090ｷ3096ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple fl ｦ0apple026ｦ ｦ0apple0909, apple ｸ8 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ0040ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ00ｸ fl ｹ ｹ apple ｦ applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ00307 ｨｨapple ｦ0fl 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ apple6ｦ fl 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ0 0800apple ｨC ｱ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｸ ｦ ｱ ｦ00ｹ ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ0, apple000ｹ , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｹ ｹ ｹ ｦ apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ , applefl 006ｦ fl ｦ0apple apple ｸ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｦ000090ｸ9 036ｦ ｦ fl 02fl fl 0309apple6ｦ ｦ apple apple090300apple04, 0304apple apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ apple00 08apple0900fl ｦ fl fl 08apple ｸ ｷ309036ｦ ｸ8, ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ apple00046ｦ apple ｸ ｦ , ｦ apple ｨｪ04apple ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ002 ｨｺ6ｦ003070ｹ000040ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ ｦ0036ｦ0, apple ｷ3090ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ｨｦ00 08apple fl ｷ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , apple006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ003, apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｸ , 09 ｨｦapple ｷ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple0900fl apple apple6ｦ ｸ apple07066ｦ003, 016ｦ0066ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ , ｦ ｸ ｹ fl 0ｹ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｷ ｦ0 060ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple076 7apple6ｦ apple ｸ ｦ apple00 08apple6ｦ , , apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ700 apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｨｨapple6ｦ06 5 6ｦ0, fl applefl 08apple , apple0ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 07 fl096ｦ ｦ ｸ803 08apple09apple apple6ｦ000000ｸ ｷ30906, 016ｦ001, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, ｸ806 08apple apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｦ00009apple ｦ ｦ00009fl apple000604apple , apple ｸ9 08apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ00009fl ｸ ｦ00009fl ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ ｦ000000ｸ806 08apple ｦ apple fl GTZ (German Technical Cooperation, 0700apple036ｦ00009fl) (Bensmann 2002: 19). ｨｬ0ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple076 56ｦ00007 ｨ 6ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple0ｸ apple ｦ ｦ ｸ fl ｸ ｸ ｨB fl03, apple6ｦ ｸ9, ｦ00ｹ ｦ apple07066ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple036ｦ00ｷ ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 07 0ｸ apple0900fl apple ｨｪ04apple ｦ000 fl6 502fl000306fl apple ｨｦapple ｷ30909; 08apple apple ｨｦ ｦ001 6ｦ ｸ802 08apple ｸ ｦ0apple 06 08apple ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ ｨｨｨｦ 07 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｷ , ｨｦ030ｹ fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 096ｦ apple ｦ apple ｸ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple6 76ｦ ｦ0-0ｷ309fl03: ｨｦ 0ｸ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 08apple09apple07 0ｸ8 ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0, ｨｴ ｹ ｦ ｦ0 ｱ ｦ0 6ｦ0 6ｦ0 09 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｸ ｨB fl03 08apple , 0ｹ ｦ ｨｨｨｦ fl000306fl apple07066ｦ003, ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple apple000ｹ ｨｦ 006ｦ apple0ｸ ｸ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl03, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 6ｦ ｷ3096ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ , 04 6ｦ fl apple ｸ apple00046ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ ｨC ｸ fl ｸ ｸ803 ｱ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ803 04ｨｨｨｦ apple apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ9 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｹ ｦ ｹ apple ｦ apple6ｦ000fl00030ｸ803 08apple09apple07 000ｸ appleapple090307apple09fl ｹ06ｦ (Watters 1999: 91).

28 6 ｨｬ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｦ apple 0ｷ apple6ｦ ｨｦ apple ｱ 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ , 010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ , ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｸ7040ｸ9 6 7apple6ｦ000090ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ ｦ0fl ｸ76ｦ0 00 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ06 502fl ｸ ｸ90ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨC 006ｦ00ｹ009006ｦ0fl ｸ ｦ0 096ｦ0086ｦ ｦ0016ｦ0000ｹ ｦ0fl apple07 000ｸ fl ｸ fl apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple000604apple , ｸ90ｹ06ｦ0fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ ｦ , apple00 apple apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｹ ｦ fl apple6ｦ : 08apple090300apple ｹ ｨｦ ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl ｨC 0ｹ ｹ ｨｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ0 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 016ｦ0096ｦ00309, 016ｦ0apple6ｦ0016ｦ002086ｦ00109, 036ｦ apple ｸ8. 02apple6ｦ apple apple6 76ｦ ｦ0fl ｦ0 ｨC ｸ applefl0ｹ ｹ ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0, apple6ｦ ｨｦ03060ｸ9 6ｦ fl ｸ apple07090ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ0 09 apple ｦ ｦ ｨｴ ｹ apple apple ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple , ｦ007 07apple apple ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl ｷ3096ｦ ｦ0fl 006ｦ008applefl , 6ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ00800 ｨC apple0ｸ8030ｸ ｸ8, 016ｦ001 0ｹ apple apple6 76ｦ apple07060ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ8, 0ｹ ｹ apple000009fl, 06026ｦ0 0ｸ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple apple000ｸ800 apple000207apple030ｸ ｦ00ｸ ｦ fl ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ9 ｨｦ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ fl096ｦ0000ｸ fl ｨｨ apple ｸ8 02apple6ｦ applefl, ｨｬ ｦ apple fl 06036ｦ ｦ fl 06 08apple ｦ fl ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨC 0ｹ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ8, fl apple ｦ ｷ fl ｦ ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ fl , 0ｹ apple ｸ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ ｦ06 7applefl fl 08070ｹ apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple040ｸ apple apple ｦ ｦ fl 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. ｨｨapple090ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ applefl 06036ｦ00209 apple fl, 08apple0900fl030ｸ ｸ ｸ ｨｪ ｦ0 0ｸ apple00 08apple0900fl030ｸ fl 02fl ｸ fl 08apple ｦ ｦ0, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , 096ｦ0 060ｹ apple fl. 0502fl 0ｹ ｷ ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｦ0 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ apple00 apple0001. ｨｴ0309 apple fl apple ｦ apple apple6ｦ fl ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309 apple ｦ ｦ0036ｦ00603apple ｹ fl 02fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple0ｸ ｦ0030ｸ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ0 apple6ｦ apple ｦ apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00 ｨC 006ｦ fl ｦ ｨｺ ｦ0apple6ｦ0016ｦ002086ｦ ｦ apple ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0ｹ ｹ ｨC apple6ｦ00ｸ ｨB00036ｦ ｸ apple ｹ ｦ , ｦ0fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｹ ｸ ｸ80309apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ apple0ｸ8 0ｸ8. ｨｦ ｸ ｦ apple ｸ appleapple090307apple0906, ｸ90ｹ06ｦ0fl ｸ ｦ0apple ｸ8apple 6ｦ0apple0009, ｸ9 apple ｦ ｦ0036ｦ0 ｱ (UN ECE 2001: 64) 09 08apple006 5apple6ｦ00ｸ76ｦ apple apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ8000ｸ9. ｨｴ ｹ fl apple ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl 006ｦ0 006ｦ apple0ｸ8 0ｸ8 08apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ9 apple0ｸ fl ｸ9 0703apple6ｦ apple ｦ0: ｸ806. 0ｹ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ80309 (ibid.). ｨｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ1apple070909fl 08070ｹ apple6ｦ0 08apple fl apple ｸ ｦ apple ｨｨapple09 0ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｷ30ｸ8 apple6ｦ006080ｸ802fl0ｸ90306fl apple07 000ｸ ｹ06 56ｦ apple ｦ00ｸ ｹ ｦ0. 01apple , ｸ apple fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ fl ｸ ｸ8036ｦ , apple0ｸ800 08apple apple apple07000ｸ8 006ｦ apple apple ( ｦ ). ｨｦ apple6ｦ0 070ｹ fl ｦ apple ｦ006036ｦ06 502fl0ｸ ｸ ｦ00300 apple apple6ｦ applefl, 0107apple ｸ apple6ｦ flfl ｦ apple fl 01 apple ｦ fl 6 5 apple apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｹ ｦ00ｹ ｸ8 ｨC 08apple ｸ8, ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ8. 05 apple006ｦ , ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 096ｦ06 7applefl ｦ apple , ｱ, 0ｹ apple ｦ06 502fl apple ｸ apple fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl 09 apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ apple07046ｦ000030ｸ (ibid: 5). ｨｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ06 7applefl fl ｨC fl , 08apple07030ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ8. ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple ｸ ｦ0086ｦ ｸ8 08apple apple ｹ apple000009fl ｨｬ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ00309, 016ｦ apple070ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ00309, apple0ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｹ ｸ9. ｨｴ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 0600apple apple6ｦ00ｸ76ｦ apple ｸ apple ｹ ｦ001apple0ｸ86 56ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｷ30ｸ8. 046ｦ apple ｸ86 56ｦ00009fl ｦ ｦ apple ｹ000036ｦ ｦ ｸ803 07apple apple ｦ ｷ apple ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl ｦ0 07 apple fl

29 ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000 08apple09026ｦ06 76ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ fl 02fl apple ｦ00ｷ fl ｦ apple ｦ00009fl apple fl. ｨｦ 006ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl 09006ｦ00ｹ fl ｦ0 09 apple6ｦ apple ｸ76ｦ ｦ ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ apple ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｸ9 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 0ｹ ｸ apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl fl ｦ fl apple6ｦ ｸ9 0ｹ ｨｬ ｦ ｦ apple fl 30% 0505ｨｨ 09 40% 096ｦ000fl ｦ fl (World Bank 2001e) applefl 006ｦ0 08apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 096ｦ ｸ fl, 06 07apple 04apple07086ｦ0fl ｦ ｹ fl 006ｦ0 10%, 6ｦ ｸ8 apple ｦ0 08apple07030ｸ apple ｦ apple ,8% ,1% (ADB 2002a: 124). ｨｺ006ｦ ｸ ｨｨ 006ｦ ｦ fl ( ｦ0apple ｦ ) $ ; ｸ806 apple ｹ ｦ0096ｦ fl ｦ06 502fl ｹ00309 $ apple apple6ｦ apple ｹ06ｦ ｸ803 08apple00 08apple09fl apple ｨB ,2% (ibid.), ｷ ｹ ｦ0 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl apple ｦ0apple ｦ0, 0ｹ ｦ ｹ ｦ0 08apple090300apple ｦ00009fl apple0008apple ｸ apple 08apple apple036ｦ0 applefl 6ｦ apple ｦ0apple076 5, 0ｷ300000ｸ8 006ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0apple ｦ003 (Swisspeace 2003b: 3) ｸ803 08apple ｸ803 08apple ｹ06ｦ ｦ ｸ fl 006ｦ fl (ibid.) apple090ｹ apple ｦ ｦ apple ｷ30000, apple0ｸ ｦ ,6% (ADB 2002a: 124) ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｦ ｹ ｦ000000ｸ803, 04apple apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ06 502fl0003 0,4%. ｨｦ 006ｦ apple006ｦ ｸ806 04apple apple6ｦ ｷ30ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ80400; apple6ｦ apple0ｸ8036ｦ0fl 0009apple6ｦ ｷ36ｦ ｱ (ibid: 125). ｨｦ apple0709apple6ｦ00ｹ , 0ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple000207apple ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90306fl 006ｦ apple ｹ ｨｨ07 070ｷ apple ｦ000016ｦ0, 29% 006ｦ fl apple ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ000apple (World Bank 2001e) apple0003fl, ｨｬ ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ86 56ｦ apple6ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ apple000604apple060ｸ8, 0ｹ00003 apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple6ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ001, apple6ｦ ｸ8 006ｦ0 07 0ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ,6% ｨｨ (UNICEF 2002). ｨｨapple ｦ fl ｦ06 502fl ( 6ｦ000000ｸ ), 0ｹ ｦ0030ｸ ｸ ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ (UNDP 2001). ｨｨ07 6ｦ000000ｸ ｨ ｦ , ｨｬ ｦ ｦ003070ｹ apple ｸ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ fl apple fl 006ｦ fl, applefl 006ｦ0 0307, 0ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｸ ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｦ0 02apple6ｦ applefl, ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ9 06apple00 04, 08apple ｦ00ｸ ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl 006ｦ apple ｦ fl (Medecins Sans Frontiers 2000). ｨｨ0701apple ｹ ｹ , 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ0fl 02fl ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0, 08apple006 5apple6ｦ00ｸ76ｦ fl 6 5 apple0008apple ｦ apple09036ｦ0apple , ｦ0 apple000ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ , 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ06 56ｦ003. ｨｨ ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909 Freedom House ｨｬ ｦ000 08apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl apple6ｦ ｱ, 08apple09 0ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｦ0 6: ｨｦ0603apple apple ｨｦ0603apple apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ apple apple ｸ9apple ｷ3090ｸ apple ｦ apple07000ｸ ｦ00ｹ ｦ0 046ｦ0040ｹ ｷ ｦ0 01apple6ｦ apple ｨ apple076 56ｦ fl ｦ0 08apple apple ｸ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ1apple fl0309, ｹ ｦ ｦ apple fl096 50ｸ8, 0ｹ004030ｸ ｸ8. ｨｨ ｷ3096ｦ ｦ001apple0ｸ80309fl ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ8 ｨｺ ｸ803 ｨｰ036ｦ apple ｸ fl ｦ0apple6ｦ ｦ000090ｸ9 0300appleapple090307apple fl - apple ｦ0apple036ｦ apple07000ｸ8 05ｨｰ apple apple07000ｸ8 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ , apple0ｸ apple6ｦ003016ｦ003 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｦ00009apple076 56ｦ ｦ003apple6ｦ ｦ0apple ｨｰ02 006ｦ ｹ ｦ003070ｹ0000ｸ apple apple6ｦ , 036ｦ apple6ｦ , 046 7apple fl 0701apple04-086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple fl 006ｦ fl. ｨｬ6 7apple07096ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｦ apple 006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple0ｸ ｦ ｹ000apple ｹ ｸ apple ｦ apple apple6ｦ00ｸ fl ｸ76ｦ apple6ｦ applefl fl fl 0107apple09 07apple6ｦ0, 066 5fl090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple apple ｨｨ02070ｸ76ｦ0 00 0ｹ apple09 07apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ fl. ｨ ｹ : Global Security Org 2003; UN ECE 2000a

30 ｹ (070ｷ ｦ fl 006ｦ0 706 ｱ), 6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ fl 006ｦ ｱ ｦ ｨｦ ｹ apple6ｦ apple08 6ｦ fl , 0ｹ fl 006ｦ0 020ｸ fl 096ｦ0 086ｦ0apple026ｦ ｸ8 07apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ8026ｦ0 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ0fl fl ｷ ｸ8 07apple076 5, ｦ000 6ｦ0apple ｦ0 020ｸ fl 096ｦ0 6 50ｸ8 07apple6ｦ ｨｨapple090ｹ ｹ ｦ0026ｦ apple ｦ0fl 07096ｦ0 070ｹ , 0ｹ ｸ8 07apple070ｹ0006ｦ0fl ｦ0 ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ fl apple ｸ9apple6ｦ ｹ apple ｸ ｸ8 07apple0ｸ8 ｱ (OSCE/ODIHR 2000c: 2). ｨｨ07 096ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ ｸ , 0ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ ｸ8 07apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ ｹ ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ ｹ ｨｬ ｦ ｸ apple ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ fl ｦ ｦ ｸ ｱ (ibid.). ｨｦapple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ800 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｸ903, fl 08apple6ｦ fl apple fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ fl 036ｦ ｦ00309, apple0ｸ ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ903 apple6ｦ ｦ , 6ｦ apple fl0ｸ903 00fl apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｹ apple090300apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｨｨｨｦ 016ｦ0apple6ｦ0016ｦ002086ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0, 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0 07 apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ apple07066ｦ ｦ fl apple07066ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple fl ｦ , 0ｹ apple6ｦ00000, , ｷ ｦ003, ｹ ｦ00307 fl0306fl ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ apple ｸ ｹ fl03, apple apple0ｸ ｦ ｦ apple006ｦ ｸ fl apple ｸ ｸ ｦ003016ｦ0 07 0ｸ ｦ00009fl fl ｦ00ｹ ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl 6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 026ｦ apple fl 01 apple ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple apple07fl , 0ｹ ｹ000036ｦ ｹ ｦ apple apple applefl 016ｦ , ｸ8046ｦ fl apple00 6ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ apple07000ｸ8 08apple6ｦ ｦ0. ｨｨ ｦ0, 040ｹ0apple fl fl ｹ apple fl ｦ ｦ00ｹ06ｦ0026ｦ ｹ , 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 08apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ apple ｦ fl 6ｦ apple09036ｦ0apple000ｸ ｦ0apple ｨｨapple09000ｷ309080ｸ apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ06ｦ fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ0000ｸ8, 6ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ apple apple apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｸ ｦ0 08apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl 6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ ｦ0 6 50ｸ8 07apple6ｦ ｦ0apple026ｦ apple ｸ8 07apple6ｦ ｨｬ ｦ apple ｸ , 0ｹ apple09000ｷ30908 apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ ｦ fl0309, apple ｦ apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ ｷ , ｦ0086ｦ fl ｱ (OSCE/ ODIHR 2000c: 4). 05 0ｷ fl ｦ0apple apple07fl 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ0 0ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ apple6ｦ0apple03090ｹ ｷ ｦ ｸ apple07060ｸ8 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 006ｦ00307 fl0306fl ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple09apple07 0ｸ8, 07 0ｸ76ｦ0fl 0ｹ apple ｦ06 502fl ｹ (UN ECE 2001: 44) ｹ00900fl000306fl apple ｦ0apple026ｦ , 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｸ ｦ apple ｸ apple0907apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6 5 ｨｬ ｦ apple0ｸ ｷ apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6 50ｸ fl0ｸ90306fl apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl, apple apple , apple fl ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ ｦ0 08apple apple ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple07030ｸ ｨｺ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｨC 0ｹ ｹ009fl apple ｦ0 0ｹ ｦ0apple036ｦ ｦ ｦ apple apple apple07060ｸ8 0703apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 apple ｦ apple040ｸ90306fl, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ ｸ9, apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8 6 50ｸ fl0ｸ90306fl apple ｨB000300; 0603apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00003, 6 5 0ｹ apple070ｹ00903, apple ｦ ｦ ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｸ ｦ apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｱ (UNECE 2001: 18). ｨｬ0ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple apple fl 096ｦ ｦ , 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 ｨC ｨ 6ｦ apple6ｦ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 09 ｨ 6ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ ｹ06ｦ fl 01 08apple ｸ9 006ｦ0040ｹ0000ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ apple flapple apple apple ｹ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ0apple apple apple fl, 036ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ ｨｦ fl ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ fl fl0306fl ｦ fl0ｷ30909 (Swisspeace 2003b: 3) apple0003fl, ｨｬ ｦ000 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 06 0ｷ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ fl 046 7apple ｦ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ ｨｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ apple ｸ apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ apple006ｦ0fl 0300appleapple090307apple09fl 08apple ｦ06 502fl026ｦ apple fl apple0700, ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｦ0026ｦ ｸ

31 28 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0090ｹ ｸ ｦ002090ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple066ｦ003. ｨ , apple0706 apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｸ803 apple000604apple apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl ｹ apple ｨｬ ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ , ｨｬ ｦ000 fl6 502fl000306fl 040ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ ｸ803 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple , ｹ ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ fl 02apple6ｦ applefl, ｦ0apple apple 09006ｦ0-0ｷ ｸ803 apple000604apple , ｨｺ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｷ apple6ｦ0, ｨｨapple ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ000090ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ applefl (1998ｨC ), apple ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00909fl ｨ 6ｦ0086ｦ ｨｪfl0000-ｨｰ6ｦ000fl (2001ｨC ), 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ0096ｦ00300, ｦ00107, 0ｹ ｹ apple0ｸ ｹ apple076 7apple6ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl apple apple apple090ｹ fl 0ｹ apple ｸ ｹ00906, apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple076 56ｦ00009fl. 046ｦ ｦ0apple apple ｨｬ ｦ000 apple6ｦ ｷ309apple076 56ｦ002 ｨｺ6ｦ003070ｹ000040ｸ ｷ3090ｸ9 ｨｦｨｦ ｦ0036ｦ0, apple ｷ3090ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple apple ｷ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ003, apple6ｦ009apple04046ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｸ

32 7 050ｸ ｸ8 29 ｨｨ apple6ｦ apple000009fl ｦ00ｷ apple ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｸ86 507, 0ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ003016ｦ0 apple000604apple fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 08applefl apple090ｹ apple ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ , fl0ｸ ｸ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ806 01apple ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ006036ｦ000090ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ apple ｨｪ ｹ06ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ8 6 5 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ apple applefl ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ700 08apple apple apple ｸ9 096ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ ｹ , 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 08apple0007 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple apple0ｸ apple0ｸ800070ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 apple ｦ apple ｸ7040ｸ76ｦ00ｸ903 0ｹ ｹ , 0ｹ ｹ , ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｦ apple , 0ｹ ｸ8apple6ｦ0086ｦ fl, apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, apple apple ｦ ｦ0 000ｸ803 07apple ｸ fl ｸ (6 7026ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , 02fl apple ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl ｦ0), ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｷ36ｦ003, 006ｦ0apple apple090ｹ fl 06070ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple apple, 036ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｸ ｦ fl. 046ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0096ｦ ｦ apple fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl fl6 502fl000306fl 08apple07030ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ apple ｦ00ｸ ｦ06 56ｦ fl 096ｦ06 7applefl ｸ8, apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ apple07030ｸ ｦ06 7applefl apple ｸ apple appleapple090307apple ｦ00ｹ ｸ8 6 50ｸ8090ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ apple ｸ fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 08apple0907apple ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. 02apple6ｦ apple00 08apple ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ fl 0ｹ108090ｷ apple ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ0036ｦ00603apple07020ｸ8 06 apple6ｦ009apple ｸ ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl0309. ｨｨapple ｸ ｹ fl 066 5fl096ｦ0000ｸ apple000ｸ apple09apple07 000ｸ apple fl apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｸ80ｹ009, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｷ apple076 56ｦ ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ8036ｦ00009fl fl 00apple apple040809fl, 09 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple ｸ apple fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl. ｨｨapple07030ｸ apple ｦ ｦ ｦ06 7applefl apple00 0ｸ ｸ8 apple ｦ003070ｹ ｹ0090ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｸ fl ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ fl096ｦ0006ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ9, fl 0ｹ1036ｦ fl ｦ fl ｸ ｦ0fl 006ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 006ｦ0 04fl ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ8 04 6ｦ ｸ ｹ06ｦ0fl apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0 0ｸ apple apple 0408apple6ｦ fl, 6 50ｸ ｦ fl, fl0ｸ90ｸ fl ｹ ｹ ｦ008applefl ｨｦ 006ｦ apple0ｸ8030ｸ ｸ ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90306fl 006ｦ ｦ apple , 006ｦ0 0300appleapple090307apple09fl03, 006ｦ apple0ｸ ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl 08apple ｦ ｸ ｨ , apple6ｦ000 apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｷ3096ｦ ｦ ｦ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple , ｸ apple07096ｦ ｦ fl ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ8 08apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ76ｦ0fl06fl 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ803 apple000604apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｹ ｸ apple , ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｹ , 076 7apple ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ apple ｦ003070ｹ0000ｸ806 04apple apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｸ903 0ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000 ｨC ｦ0apple , apple apple ｦ ｦ0 000ｸ apple ｸ ｸ apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple ｦ0apple apple6ｦ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ8 08apple ｸ fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl apple ｨｴ apple076 56ｦ apple000ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ , 07 ｨB ｸ apple6ｦ00603apple apple0ｸ8, 036ｦ ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ apple00 056ｦ0apple0009, 006ｦ00307 fl0306fl ｦ00ｹ fl apple ｸ8 apple6ｦ009apple fl apple ｦ ｹ ｦ ｸ ｦ0fl 04fl apple09apple07 000ｸ apple07096ｦ ｦ ｦ fl 09006ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ9 0603apple6ｦ0000ｸ apple070ｹ apple070ｹ10000apple fl apple ｦ fl ｨｪ04apple ｦ0006ｦ0 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ ｸ apple ｦ0 0600apple ｦ06 7applefl fl fl ｸ apple07030ｸ ｸ ｦ00309, 0ｹ apple ｸ fl 02fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl applefl 006ｦ ｸ9 096ｦ001apple0ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 0ｹ , apple6ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ fl ｹ ｸ806 0ｹ ｹ apple ｨｴ apple fl apple ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple ｦ0096ｦ0. ｨｪ , ｦ ｹ0006ｦ0fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ00ｷ309fl 006ｦ00307 fl0306fl apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ fl ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ , apple0709apple6ｦ00ｹ apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ003090ｹ ｹ06ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple ｦ ｷ3096ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ30909, ｸ8 096ｦ ｦ apple000604apple ｹ ｹ apple000009fl, 036ｦ0apple6ｦ apple000ｸ800 02fl

33 apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , 6 5 ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ00ｸ90306fl. 050ｸ ｸ8 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ apple076 56ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple apple040ｸ apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ ｦ fl. ｨｬ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ ｦ0 000ｸ fl ｦ ｦ0 0ｹ ｦ fl ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ8. ｨｨ fl 07apple fl 6 5 0ｷ30002fl apple ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl ｦ0 09 6ｦ ｦ00009fl ｷ ｸ8apple6ｦ0086ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｦ ｦ ｦ , 0ｹ1apple ｦ06 7applefl ｹ apple ｸ ｸ8 02fl apple ｸ8apple6ｦ00ｸ ｦ00009fl ｦ0 0807apple ｷ300020ｸ806 applefl 016ｦ0036ｦ00603apple ｹ ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 fl ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple ｷ ｸ ｸ803 apple000604apple apple ｹ apple ｦ008applefl ｨｬ ｦ fl ｹ apple , 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 02apple6ｦ applefl 08apple ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ fl apple08fl0ｸ apple6ｦ , ｦ06 7apple ｦ0 08apple09apple07 000ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ003. ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ00309, 08apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ90ｸ apple fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ0, fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl: apple apple ｸ803 apple000604apple066ｦ003, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , 02fl 07apple fl (010ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ000, ｨｬ ｦ000, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ000), 6 50ｸ apple ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ8 (ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000, ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000), 0ｹ1apple070909fl apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 08070ｹ06 5 (016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ000, ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｨｬ ｦ000) ｦ06 7applefl ｦ0 6 5 apple ｦ apple07030ｸ fl (016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ000) apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｹ apple ｸ ｸ apple ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl, fl ｦ , 016ｦ001 apple6ｦ ｹ009fl ｷ apple6ｦ ｸ apple090200apple ｸ80309 apple6ｦ ｦ apple09 066ｦ apple6ｦ000. ｨ 6ｦ06 7applefl ｸ8 6 5 apple ｦ apple07030ｸ fl , 0000apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ803 apple000604apple , 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 08070ｹ apple ｦ ｦ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ00ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ ｦ00ｸ90306fl 006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ apple ｨｨapple ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ , 096ｦ00ｹ06ｦ ｸ9 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl 070ｹ , fl , 046 7apple fl ｦ fl 006ｦ0 apple ｦ apple ｷ apple ｸ ｦ003016ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple066ｦ003 ( ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ8) ｸ , ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8 apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ8 01apple6ｦ apple6ｦ apple0007. ｨｦ6 7apple ｸ ｦ0086ｦ0060ｸ ｸ apple ｹ000000ｸ apple000ｸ ｦ003 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｸ ｦ0fl apple ｸ803 apple000604apple066ｦ003, apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, 02fl 07apple fl apple ｸ8 6 5 apple ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｷ apple076 56ｦ00009fl 06040ｸ ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ00603apple apple0ｸ8 08apple fl apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｸ803 apple000604apple ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple ｸ ｦ0086ｦ ｸ8 08apple apple ｹ apple000009fl ｨｬ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ00309, 016ｦ apple070ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ00309, apple0ｸ800 apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｹ ｸ9. ｨｴ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｨｬ ｦ0006ｦ0 0600apple apple6ｦ00ｸ76ｦ apple ｸ apple ｹ ｦ001apple0ｸ86 56ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｷ30ｸ ｸ8 03apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ apple6ｦ00608apple ｸ ｸ803 apple000604apple apple flapple ｦ ｦ fl apple ｦ ｸ apple apple apple000ｸ803 08apple070ｷ apple ｨｺfl ｹ06ｦ ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ apple036ｦ ｸ ｦ , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple apple apple6ｦ0 090ｷ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｨB , , ｸ ｦ0, 016ｦ001 0ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ06 76ｦ00ｸ ｹ apple ｸ803 08apple apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ00608apple fl ｸ803 apple000604apple , 0807apple ｸ803, ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , apple apple ｦ , fl 096ｦ06 7applefl fl ｸ8 0ｹ06ｦ ｷ ｦ ｨ 6ｦ06 7applefl ｸ ｦ0-090ｸ86 56ｦ fl 006ｦ apple ｦ apple , 036ｦ ｦ fl apple ｷ309apple076 56ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ800 03apple000009fl. ｨｨapple ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ apple ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl apple07030ｸ ｦ06 7applefl ｸ9, 09 0ｹ apple ｸ fl 02fl 09 07apple fl 006ｦ fl apple6ｦ ｦ003 apple ｦ0 08apple ｦ0fl ｦ0fl ｦ0 0ｹ06ｦ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｦ06 7applefl ｨｨ apple000ｸ800 6ｦ ｸ8 apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ000fl0ｸ90306fl 006ｦ ｦ0apple , 096ｦ06 7applefl ｸ8 ｨC 0ｹ10307, 070ｹ , apple ｦ ｦ0fl 08apple ｦ0. 05apple apple030ｸ8 096ｦ06 7applefl fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ fl 006ｦ0 03apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ fl03. ｨｪ6ｦ001, 096ｦ06 7applefl ｦ ｦ apple090ｹ apple apple000ｹ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ , 0ｹ ｦ ｦ0020ｸ ｸ ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ0 00 apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ000090ｷ300; 6 5 apple ｦ0 020ｸ9 6ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｹ ｸ apple ｸ ｸ fl apple fl 08apple ｸ8 096ｦ06 7applefl fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6 5 apple ｦ ｸ8 apple apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ ｦ ｦ0 ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｨｬ ｦ ｦ001020ｸ90ｹ ｸ90ｸ ｦ

34 31 026ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 09 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8 026ｦ0apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl, 0000apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ00608apple apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple apple ｦ ｦ ｦ06 7applefl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 0ｹ06ｦ applefl apple ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ00309, apple0ｸ apple fl 06036ｦ ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ ｸ9 apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000030ｸ apple6ｦ000. ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｹ ｸ9 apple6ｦ ｹ0-000ｸ803 06apple ｸ ｦ000090ｸ9, 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｷ3096ｦ ｹ fl apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｸ9 006ｦ008applefl ｦ ｦ apple , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｷ apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple ｦ0fl 0ｹ ｦ0036ｦ00ｷ309fl 02fl 0ｹ ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ00009fl ｹ fl fl , 6 50ｸ apple ｦ06 7applefl fl 06apple00 0ｸ8 (6 7026ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｸ8), 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 08070ｹ apple00006ｦ apple ｦ06 502fl0ｸ apple ｸ apple fl apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｸ8 040ｹ0apple ｦ ｹ00007 apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ90306fl 00000ｹ ｸ9 apple6ｦ ｸ8, 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ ｹ , ｦ ｸ ｹ ｹ apple000604apple ｨｨ07 6ｦ0006ｦ , 096ｦ ｦ ｦ0fl ｷ ｦ ｦ0fl 6ｦ0096ｦ apple ｸ8 006ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple ｸ90306fl ｦ apple apple076 56ｦ ｨｪ04apple ｦ ｸ8apple6 70ｸ ｦ ｸ ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple apple07000ｸ8 09 apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ9 006ｦ fl 06 apple ; ｹ06ｦ0fl03 700ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ ｱ fl6 502fl000306fl 01020ｸ90ｹ ｸ803 0ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. ｨｦ 006ｦ ｦ000000ｸ apple036ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｸ90306fl apple ｸ80309 apple006ｦ fl ｸ9, apple6ｦ0fl 0ｸ8 040ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ0026ｦ fl ｦ ｸ apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple apple ｦ06 76ｦ0026ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ ｦ003070ｹ00007 apple6ｦ ｸ apple apple0ｸ8 0408apple6ｦ fl ｨｨapple6ｦ ｹ fl ｦ ｹ apple000207apple030ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ003 apple ｦ0 096ｦ fl ｸ709. ｨｺ ｦ apple006 5apple6ｦ fl apple apple0003fl 02fl 0ｹ apple ｦ0. 05 apple ｦ ｸ8 apple000207apple03 096ｦ ｨｨapple6ｦ ｹ fl fl ｦ0apple apple6ｦ ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ ｷ ｦ apple apple0ｸ8, apple6ｦ0fl ｦ00909apple fl 006ｦ fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ apple fl ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｨｺfl 0703apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｸ ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ ｹ009fl0309, 0ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ , 006ｦ0 04apple apple6ｦ ｷ309086ｦ ｹ ｷ ｦ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple apple ｦ003apple096 56ｦ fl. ｨｬ fl ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ fl ｸ803 08apple ｸ ｸ709, ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple ｹ ｦ0fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ0apple6ｦ apple006ｦ0 02fl apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ0 006ｦ apple , 006ｦ apple apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8 08apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｹ fl applefl 006ｦ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ fl apple6ｦ ｹ0-000ｸ apple ｸ fl apple6ｦ00ｷ apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ9 00fl , 016ｦ apple , 036ｦ apple ｹ06ｦ000 08apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ0fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｹ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｦ0 08apple6ｦ apple apple ｦ apple ｦ00009fl apple036ｦ00ｷ ｹ06ｦ ｸ apple0900fl apple apple07066ｦ003, 016ｦ0066ｦ00ｸ90ｸ fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, ｨC 0ｹ ｸ90ｹ ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ8 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ0-0ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ008000ｸ800 0ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ apple0ｸ ｸ ｦ0. ｨｨapple6ｦ ｸ ｸ8 02fl 040ｹ06ｦ fl 07 0ｸ ｸ ｸ903, ｷ30909, ｸ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. ｨｦ 006ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｹ06ｦ ｸ ｹ ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ003 apple ｦ0. ｨｦ ｦ apple09036ｦ0apple000ｸ800 08apple6ｦ ｸ apple apple0ｸ ｦ06 502fl0ｸ903 01apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ fl 6ｦ ｹ06ｦ fl 006ｦ fl. ｨｨfl apple6ｦ000 apple ｦ apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0030ｸ apple apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909 Freedom House. ｨｦ0ｷ ｦ0 086ｦ0apple026ｦ apple ｸ8 07apple076 5 ｨｦ ODIHR apple08 6ｦ00003, 0ｹ ｸ8 07apple0ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｹ06ｦ00ｸ ｦ0apple07 000ｸ ｦ000 6ｦ0apple036ｦ003.

35 32 8 ｨｺ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ ｸ ｸ ｸ ｦ000000ｸ apple000ｸ ｹ apple00 026ｦ06 76ｦ00003 applefl apple ｦ00ｷ fl apple6ｦ fl apple fl ｹ0apple ｨC 016ｦ001 08apple6ｦ ｦ0, 036ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0 ｨC 06 0ｷ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ fl 0ｹ ｹ apple fl 006ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ fl. ｨｬ01apple ｷ ｦ ｸ apple ｦ ｦ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｦ00ｹ ｸ fl 02fl ｦ00009fl ｸ8 040ｹ0apple ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. 046ｦ0applefl apple fl ｦ apple076 56ｦ00009fl 02fl apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ , apple ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ00009fl apple09apple076 56ｦ000000ｸ apple6ｦ00ｸ ｸ fl0009fl 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl. ｨｦ080ｸ ｦ00009fl 0ｹ ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｦ ｦ apple , apple , 0ｸ ｦ0 6ｦ apple076 56ｦ000 02fl 0603apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , 016ｦ ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ , 036ｦ ｦ apple ｨｨapple00 026ｦ06 76ｦ fl apple ｹ fl 006ｦ0 03apple ｸ803 6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ : (6ｦ0) ｷ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , ( ) ｹ apple6ｦ apple000604apple066ｦ00309, 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ apple ｹ apple6ｦ009apple , (6 5) apple6ｦ003070ｹ0000ｸ800 apple ｦ ｸ800 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, apple ｹ ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ , 070ｷ ｸ ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple apple076 56ｦ ｸ fl 02fl ｦ0 6ｦ008036ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｦ ｹ06ｦ000 apple000ｹ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ00603fl03, 016ｦ apple6ｦ0006ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 08apple09apple07 000ｸ800 apple000604apple060ｸ8, 09 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ flfl ｦ ｦ ｦ ｦ apple0ｸ803, apple ｦ ｷ ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｹ ｹ apple apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ apple ｸ8, 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ0 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ apple apple , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ8 apple fl apple ｹ ｦ0 08apple apple ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ003000ｸ806 08apple070ｷ , apple6ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ9 0ｹ apple apple07-08apple09fl0309fl apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｹ06ｦ0fl03 03apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ apple ｹ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 0ｹ ｦ ｸ9 apple ｦ ｦ ｦ ｹ apple ｨｪ , 6 5 applefl 00 apple6ｦ apple ｦ fl fl0009fl 0701apple04-086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, 006 7apple6ｦ0 6ｦ00ｷ309fl 08apple09apple07 000ｸ803 apple000604apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ fl ｹ ｸ apple ｦ00009fl apple ｦ ｹ0apple ｦ , apple0ｸ ｹ ｦ ｸ ｸ9 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｸ ｹ apple000604apple ｦ00009fl apple07000ｸ apple ｸ9 apple ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0 06 apple apple , 0ｸ ｸ8 0ｷ apple6ｦ apple ｦ0006ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ0-0ｷ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ ｨｺ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 02fl apple6ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｦ000 fl6 502fl000306fl 6 56ｦ ｹ apple ｦ apple ｹ ｦ fl ｸ fl ｹ apple6ｦ fl apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 6 5 apple ｸ8 apple ｦ0026ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ apple ｦ fl apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30906, ｦ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ0000ｸ803 apple apple0700, 040ｹ06ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple070ｷ ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ ｦ002 0ｸ fl apple fl 08apple fl 0ｹ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｦ fl. ｨｬ01apple ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple ｦ003 ｨｪapple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ800 6ｦ ｸ8 08apple ｸ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ803 apple000604apple , ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ , ｸ8, 006ｦ00307 fl0306fl 6 5 0ｷ apple ｦ00009fl 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple6ｦ ｦ0apple ｸ ｦ0. ｨｦ ｹ0000ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple070ｷ ｦ0 fl6 502fl000306fl ｷ ｦ0 0600apple apple ｸ8 096ｦ06 7applefl fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 006ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ apple ｸ8 02fl ｦ ｦ fl apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0026ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple apple6ｦ00ｸ fl apple0702fl 096ｦ0 096ｦ06 7applefl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ apple apple apple6ｦ fl ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ ｸ9. ｨｨapple ｸ ｷ ｨｴ ｹ apple07090ｸ8, 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ ｸ9, ｦ00ｸ903, apple6 5040ｸ9 070ｹ000apple00 00, 006ｦ ｦ apple ｦ apple000009fl ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ apple ｸ8 070ｷ apple090ｹ

36 , apple0ｸ ｸ8 006ｦ ｸ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl03, ｦ ｦ apple , 08apple076ｦ0006ｦ apple076 56ｦ ｸ90ｹ ｸ800 08apple090ｹ009000ｸ8, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple040ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple0ｸ , 066 5fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｦ ｷ ｸ8 08apple fl fl ｸ apple , 016ｦ001, 006ｦ008apple090300apple, 076 7apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ803 apple000604apple , 0ｹ ｹ apple000009fl apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl, 6ｦ , ｹ ｹ ｦ apple ｦ fl apple ｹ ｸ ｷ ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ003, apple0ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ8, ｦ ｦ001036ｦ003, apple ｦ0096ｦ fl 006ｦ0 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ fl, ｸ8 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ800 08apple ｸ apple ｸ9 006ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 08apple ｨｪ6ｦ ｸ8 07apple6 76ｦ ｸ86 56ｦ fl apple ｹ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ00309 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 09 ｨｦ ｹ apple fl ｸ8036ｦ0 apple6ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｨｦ030ｹ000030ｸ ｹ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｸ8 036ｦ apple086ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ , ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000030ｸ apple07060ｸ apple00046ｦ00ｸ90306fl apple00 040ｸ903 apple fl apple apple6ｦ003016ｦ003 08apple076 7apple6ｦ apple apple ｨｬ01apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ apple ｦ ｸ ｸ800 0ｹ ｹ apple ｸ fl 02fl apple6ｦ fl 0ｹ ｦ ｦ apple , 6ｦ apple0ｸ ｹ000036ｦ ｦ0apple , 0ｹ ｦ008006ｦ0fl apple036ｦ00ｷ309fl ｷ apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ apple ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ000006ｦ fl ｸ fl 006ｦ ｦ ｦ00009fl ｸ ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple ｦ00309, apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ ｸ9 006ｦ fl 01020ｸ90ｹ ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ ｦ0006ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple fl03. ｨ ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple6ｦ apple fl 6 7apple ｦ ｹ apple , fl0ｸ ｦ ｷ3096ｦ , 036ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ fl fl ｦ ｦ000000ｸ ｹ apple03000ｸ apple ｸ ｸ ｦ fl , 0603apple apple ｦ ｨｦ030ｹ000030ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ8 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ fl ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl0309, 0ｹ apple ｦ06 76ｦ apple ｦ0apple apple ｦ fl apple6ｦ ｦ0, 6 7apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0, 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 09 ｨｦ ｨｺ6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｦ0096ｦ apple6ｦ ｸ fl apple ｦ0 ｨｨ07016ｦ0096ｦ fl0009fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｦ fl0ｸ apple0003fl apple09apple040ｸ ｸ700006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｦ000000ｸ80309, 0ｹ ｦ003070ｹ fl ｦ00009fl ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｸ fl ｸ ｸ90ｸ ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｸ fl 07 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ003, fl apple fl, 0ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ apple6ｦ , 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｸ fl ｸ ｦ fl ｦ00ｹ ｸ8 02fl 06 07apple6ｦ ｸ803 6ｦ000000ｸ ｦ apple ｨｴ0309 6ｦ000000ｸ ｸ ｸ apple flapple000ｸ ｷ ｹ0000ｸ ｹ fl applefl0ｹ ｹ00001 ｱ, apple0ｸ ｸ8 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ0 6ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ fl 006ｦ ｦ apple ｸ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ00ｹ apple090300apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ ｨｦ0ｷ fl0009fl 006ｦ fl apple6ｦ ｦ0 0800apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple ｸ800 apple ｸ8; apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple ｹ apple ｨｰ09apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｸ8036ｦ0 ｨｦ030ｹ000030ｸ ｷ apple6ｦ0, fl0009fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple ｹ000000ｸ8 006ｦ0 6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ008applefl , fl fl0009fl 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ , 06040ｸ applefl 08apple090300apple apple fl fl6 70ｹ fl ｦ008applefl , 0807apple ｸ803 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｨ apple036ｦ00ｷ309fl ｸ80300, ｦ apple , apple ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ0 02fl 0409apple ｸ apple apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ0026ｦ ｸ806 6ｦ0006ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ apple apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｸ803 08apple apple090300apple apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｹ ｦ0, ｦ ｹ ｸ9 016ｦ00ｹ ｦ0 0701apple04-086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ apple apple ｹ ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ803 08apple fl0ｷ309fl ｸ803 08apple090300apple ｷ3096ｦ ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ ｦ ｦ00300 apple ｦ fl 02090ｷ3, 08apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ70903 apple fl 006ｦ0 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple fl03. ｨｪ6ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ apple086ｦ00300 apple ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple ｸ802016ｦ apple070ｷ300 04apple6ｦ003, apple0ｸ ｦ0apple ｦ fl 016ｦ ｸ800, 0ｹ

37 34 000ｸ ｷ36ｦ apple ｹ ｸ apple ｸ8 02fl apple fl 08apple ｹ , apple apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple ｨｬ0ｹ ｦ ｦ003070ｹ apple ｹ06ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0 6 5 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ00ｸ90306fl ｦ00ｹ ｸ ｦ apple076 5, 06 00apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｹ apple ｹ ｹ apple apple6ｦ fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ fl. 056ｦ000000ｸ apple000ｸ ｹ ｹ apple apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ000030ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ apple apple ｸ9 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｦ ｦ0, apple0ｸ apple0900fl apple0304 apple flapple000ｸ803 apple ｦ ｸ803 01apple ｸ ｸ8046ｦ ｦ ｦ fl ｹ ｹ apple ｦ ｦ apple09fl03000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ fl0309, 08apple ｦ fl0ｸ90ｸ apple fl apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ fl ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple0ｸ ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 09 ｨｦ ｸ8 6ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ , 016ｦ apple6ｦ ｹ apple ｸ apple00046ｦ ｦ ｹ ｹ000 08apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ apple apple ｹ fl 006ｦ0 006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ00603fl ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ00009fl apple ｨ apple apple000604apple06 006ｦ0 6ｦ apple fl090ｸ8016ｦ ｹ ｸ apple07006ｦ ｦ0026ｦ ｸ ｸ ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｹ apple03000ｸ ｹ0apple fl0309, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｨｨｨｦ 09 08apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｨｨ ｦ0fl 0ｹ06ｦ ｦ ｦ ｸ803 apple ｹ000006ｦ apple ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｸ fl03, 6ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｹ apple07066ｦ ｹ ｸ ｦ0-0009fl ｸ ｸ , ｦ00300 apple ｸ apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｨｺ6ｦ00608apple ｹ ｹ ｦ ｦ00ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple000604apple ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ fl ｦ ｦ008000ｸ806 03apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ806 6ｦ , 036ｦ ｦ ｦ06 7applefl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8. 030ｸ ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ ｹ06ｦ apple ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ803 08apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0. ｨｨ0706apple ｦ ｸ ｦ fl apple036ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｸ ｸ9 0600apple ｹ ｹ apple ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｨｴ ｦ ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ ｦ ｦ00009fl ｹ apple6ｦ apple000604apple066ｦ apple ｹ ｷ3096ｦ ｹ ｹ ｨｨ076 50ｸ ｦ00009fl fl apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ0000ｸ ｨｨ076 50ｸ ｦ00009fl 066 5fl apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple ｦ ｸ9, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ00609fl ｦ00603fl apple ｹ ｦ apple apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｸ apple fl030006fl ｸ apple0709apple6ｦ00ｹ ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple0309apple076 56ｦ00009fl ｸ90ｸ7040ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｸ , 0ｹ ｦ apple ｸ ｦ00300 apple ｦ ｸ800, 006ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｸ ｷ ｹ0000ｸ ｦ0006ｦ ｹ ｹ000030ｸ8. ｨｪ6ｦ0016ｦ0fl ｦ0026ｦ0 0ｸ8 036ｦ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ , ｦ ｦ fl apple076 5, apple6ｦ003016ｦ ｸ ｸ8 apple6ｦ ｸ76ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ3090ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ apple ｦ apple076 5, 006ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ apple apple ｹ ｹ apple apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｨ 09 6ｦ apple flapple000ｸ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple ｦ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ30909 apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｦ0 060ｹ apple fl 01apple ｸ fl ｦ apple036ｦ00ｷ apple 09006ｦ00ｷ ｸ apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple ｦ ｸ800 01apple ｸ ｸ apple ｨｨ00apple6 50ｸ ｦ apple ｸ ｸ apple ｸ8 09 apple ｦ00ｷ ｦ apple ｹ000036ｦ ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ apple07066ｦ ｹ apple6ｦ fl apple000604apple066ｦ00309, ｦ apple6ｦ fl 006ｦ fl. ｨｦ ｸ ｦ apple ｦ ｹ ｸ apple6ｦ00ｷ ｦ000000ｸ803 08apple apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ apple apple6ｦ ｦ003apple ｦ apple ｨｨapple ｸ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ apple apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ003apple096 56ｦ fl 016ｦ ｦ0 02fl 6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ0 026ｦ apple ｦ apple07000ｸ8 09 6ｦ0apple0000apple apple ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｦ apple apple apple07000ｸ8 08apple09 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ fl ｦ ｦ0, ｦ0,

38 ｦ0030ｸ86 56ｦ00ｸ90ｸ ｹ apple apple6ｦ fl. ｨｺ6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ fl 0300appleapple090307apple ｦ apple ｦ apple apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ apple006ｦ ｦ ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ ｹ apple6ｦ ｸ9 apple000604apple066ｦ apple ｦ003 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ fl 09 apple fl ｨｪ6ｦ ｹ06ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ ｸ8 0ｸ80300 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0000ｸ ｷ3096ｦ fl 016ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ009030ｸ86 56ｦ ｷ apple6ｦ fl ｦ fl, 08apple ｦ06 56ｦ0fl ｦ00103, 0ｹ ｹ ｦ ｸ803 apple6ｦ apple6ｦ000090ｹ000000ｸ8. 056ｦ008000ｸ ｹ ｦ apple086ｦ00009fl ｹ ｦ apple076 7apple6ｦ00303 fl6 502fl000306fl apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｸ apple6ｦ ｹ ｹ apple apple076 5.

39 apple6ｦ00304apple0ｸ8 ADB 2000: Environmental Profile of Tajikistan. Manila: Asian Development Bank. ADB 2002a: Asian Development Outlook Bangkok: Asian Development Bank. ADB 2002b: Country Strategy and Program Update (2003ｨC05). Kyrgyz Republic. Bangkok: Asian Development Bank. Bensmann, Marcus 2002: Gardens in the sand, in: Akzente special. Global Environmental Policy: From Rio to Johannesburg, pp. 18ｨC 20. Community Business Forum, Kyrgyzstan 2003: Kumtor Operating Company. Available at: cbf.org/business/kumtor_operating_company/ kumtor_operating_company.html [1 April 2003]. Eurasianet 2002a: Uzbekistan Daily Digest:6 5 Kazakh, Uzbek presidents sign accord resolving border disputes ｯ 10 September Available at: resource/ uzbekistan/hypermail/200209/0008.shtml; [12 April 2003]. Eurasianet 2002b: Kazakh Daily Digest: ｮNo disputed issues left between Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, say presidents ｯ 12 September Available at: org/ resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200209/0017.shtml [12 April 2003]. Eurasianet 2003: Experts See Limited Progress in Kazakh stan ｯs Aids Policy. 15 January Available at eav shtml [10 April 2003]. FAO 2000: Global forest resources assessment FAO Forestry Paper 140. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Freedom House 2002: Annual Freedom in the World Country Scores 1972 ｨC73 to 2000 ｨC2001. Washington, D. C.: Freedom House. Fluoride Action Network 2003: Tajik Aluminum ｨC Environmental Disaster in Central Asia. Available at: [10 April 2003]. Global Security Org 2003: Vozrozhdeniye Island. Available at: vozrozhdenly.htm [1 April 2003]. Human Rights Watch 2002: World Report Uzbekistan. New York: Human Rights Watch. ICG 2001: Kyrgyzstan at Ten: Trouble in the ｰIsland of Democracy ｱ.ICG Asia Report No. 22, 28 August Osh/Brussels: International Crisis Group. ICG 2002a: Central Asia ｨC Water and Conflict. ICG Asia Report No. 34, 30 May Osh/Brussels: International Crisis Group. ICG 2002b: Central Asia ｨC Border Disputes and Conflict Potential. ICG Asia Report No. 33, 4 April Osh/Brussels: International Crisis Group. Jumagulov, Sultan 2003: Kyrgyzstan: Migration Prompts Security Worries. Reporting Central Asia No. 197, 8 April London: Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Ladonina, Nina N., Dimitry A. Cherniakhovsky, Igor B. Akarov, and Victor F. Basevich 2001: Managing Agricultural Resources for Biodiversity Conservation. Case study of Russia and CIS countries. Study commissioned by Environment Liaison Center International. Final Draft. Medecins Sans Frontier 2000: Uzbekistan ｨC Environmental Disaster on a Colossal Scale. Available at: D208-DC2C-11D4-B A6370 [3 April 2003]. Ministry for Natural Resource Use and Environment Protection of Turkmenistan 1998: State of the Environment: Turkmenistan. Ashgabad: Ministry for the Environment. OSCE 2002: Background document for the Ninth meeting of the Economic and Environmental Sub-Committee of the Permanent Council ｨC Report of the OCEEA on follow up activities to the Tenth OSCE Economic Forum. SEC.GAL/221/02, 11 December OSCE/ODIHR 1999: Election Observer. The Republic of Kazakhstan Presidential Election, 10 January Assessment Mission. Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. OSCE/ODIHR 2000a: Election Observer. Kyrgyz Republic Parliamentary Elections, February 20 and March 12, Final Report. Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. OSCE/ODIHR 2000b: Election Observer. Republic of Tajikistan Elections to Parliament ｨC 27 February Final Report. Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.

40 37 OSCE/ODIHR 2000c: Election Observer. Republic of Uzbekistan Election of Deputies to the OLIY MAJLIS (Parliament), 28 April Limited Election Assessment Mission Final Report. Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. OSCE/ODIHR 2003: Kyrgyz Republic Constitutional Referendum. Political Assessment Report, 2 February Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Swisspeace 2003a: FAST Early Warning Systems ｨC Kazakhstan Quarterly Risk Assessment (November 2002 to January 2003). Bern: Swisspeace. Swisspeace 2003b: FAST Early Warning Systems ｨC Uzbekistan Quarterly Risk Assessment (November 2002 to January 2003). Bern: Swisspeace. Tabyshalieva Anara 1999: The challenge of regional cooperation in central Asia: preventing ethnic conflict in the Ferghana Valley. United States Institute of Peace. Available at: peaceworks/pwks28.pdf. UN 1997: UN Resolution 52/169 M ｨC International Cooperation and Coordination for the Human and Ecological Rehabilitation and Economic Development of the Semipalatinsk Region of Kazakhstan. New York: United Nations. UN ECE 2000a: Environmental Performance Review of Kazakhstan. Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. UN ECE 2000b: Environmental Performance Review of Kyrgyzstan. Geneva:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. UN ECE 2001: Environmental Performance Review of Uzbekistan. Geneva: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. UN FVDP 2000: United Nations Ferghana Valley Development Programme homepage. Available at: elcat.kg/ [1 April 2003]. UNDP 1996: Tajikistan Human Development Report United Nations Development Programme. Available at: undp.org/rbec/nhdr/1996tajikistan/ chapter 9.htm [5 April 2003]. UNDP 2000: Human Development Report Human rights and human development. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. UNDP 2001: Human Development Report Making New Technologies Work For Human Development. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. UNDP 2002: Human Development Report Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. UNICEF 2000: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey New York: United Nations Children ｯs Fund. UNICEF 2002: TransMONEE Database. Available at documentation/transmonee. html [3 April 2003]. USAID 2003: Country Profile Kyrgyzstan. United States Agency for International Development. Washington: US Agency for International Development. US DoE 2002: An Energy Overview of the Republic of Tajikistan. US Department of Energy. Available at: gov/international/tajkover.html [8 April 2003]. WCED 1987: Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. Watters, Kate 1999: Environmental NGOs and the Development of Civil Society in Central Asia. In: M. Holt Ruffin and Daniel Waugh (eds.): Civil Society in Central Asia. Seattle and London: Center for Civil Society International; pp. 85 ｨC108. World Bank 2001a: Kazakhstan Country Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank 2001b: Kyrgyz Republic Country Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank 2001c: Tajikistan Country Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank 2001d: Turkmenistan Country Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank 2001e: Uzbekistan Country Brief. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. UNDP 1999: Human Development Report New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

41 13ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl ｨｦapple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ30909 ｨｦ ｨB ｸ ｦ00ｷ30906 (ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04) apple apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple (050407) ｨｺ ｦ ｸ9apple07 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 02fl 0603apple6ｦ apple07080ｸ apple ｦ ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple (ｨｺ030005) 6ｦ apple09apple fl ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ apple6ｦ ｹ apple apple ｦ ｸ ｦ0apple (050407) apple6ｦ ｦ ｸ9 apple apple070ｷ apple ｦ0 0603apple6ｦ000 apple ｦ ｸ fl03, fl 006ｦ ｸ9, 07apple6 76ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl apple6ｦ ｦ ｹ ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ fl. ｨｺ ｨB fl apple apple apple ｦ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｦ ｸ ｷ3096ｦ ｸ ｸ ｸ9 0ｷ ｸ806fl0ｹ fl ｦ apple6ｦ fl ｸ800 08apple ｦ ｦ0 ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ ｸ apple6ｦ0006ｦ003 apple ｦ0 (0202 6ｦ , 02apple , apple 6ｦ ｦ00000, apple0ｷ , ｦ0apple0909, 0707apple6 56ｦ , ｦ , 07apple , 016ｦ0096ｦ ｦ00000, 0109apple , 006ｦ , , 0ｸ ｸ ｨｺ ｦ , , ｨｨ , ｨｺ04030ｸ , ｨｺ apple6ｦ00ｷ30909, ｨｪ6ｦ ｦ00000, ｨｪ04apple0ｷ30909, ｨｪ04apple ｦ00000, ｨｬ01apple6ｦ ｨｬ ｦ00000). 016ｦ008 0ｸ ｸ800 08apple0907apple ｸ8 00fl , 08apple ｦ000000ｸ ｸ fl0309, ｷ ｦ008apple6ｦ ｸ apple ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｸ ｦ apple ｸ803 apple ｦ ｦ003090ｹ ｦ00603fl03 00fl ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04: apple6ｦ003090ｹ apple6ｦ , apple , 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ apple ｦ apple , 0703apple6ｦ0006ｦ0 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ ｹ ｦ0fl 0ｹ10000apple ｦ0, apple036ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｦ00ｷ ｸ , 05ｨ ｨｮ/05ｨｨｨ 05. ｨｺ ｦ ｸ806 0ｷ apple apple ｨｺ (ｨｺ09ｨｨ) 0ｸ ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ06 500, ｦ00109fl, 016ｦ001 0ｷ apple apple 09006ｦ00ｷ apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ fl 09006ｦ ｦ apple09apple076 56ｦ00009fl apple ｦ ｸ803 08apple076 7apple6ｦ ｨｺ09ｨｨ 6ｦ apple09apple fl apple6ｦ0006ｦ003, ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ apple ｦ ｦ0 (ｨｮ ｦ0fl ｨｺ ｦ0, apple09fl, 026ｦ ｦ0, ｦ00ｷ3016ｦ0fl ｨｺ ｦ0, fl fl ｸ8). 01apple , 006ｦ ｸ76ｦ0 fl03 ｨｺ09ｨｨ apple6ｦ ｦ06 76ｦ fl 0504 apple ｦ ｸ806 0ｷ apple apple000604apple ｨｨｨｺｨｦｨｦ04 (SURF), apple0ｸ ｦ0090ｸ86 56ｦ ｦ ｸ apple apple07066ｦ , apple6ｦ00608apple070603apple6ｦ ｸ ｦ ｸ8036ｦ0 06apple apple6ｦ ｸ ｹ0apple apple ｦ0, 6ｦ0 036ｦ apple apple6ｦ008 6ｦ ｸ ｦ0. ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ ｦ0fl 00fl ｨｺ09ｨｨ 6 5 apple ｸ fl000306fl apple ｦ fl096ｦ000000ｸ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl apple0907apple ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ fl: apple6ｦ003090ｹ apple6ｦ , 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ fl apple ｦ ｸ803 08apple076 7apple6ｦ ｦ apple ｦ008apple6ｦ apple apple ｸ9 036ｦ apple , 016ｦ apple6ｦ0006ｦ ｦ apple6ｦ06 5 0ｹ ｦ0, ｹ apple0709apple6ｦ00ｹ , appleapple apple076 56ｦ ; 000ｷ apple6ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 09 apple6ｦ00606apple ｹ ｦ , apple ｦ008000ｸ apple ｦ fl 6 5 apple6ｦ003016ｦ003 08apple apple6ｦ00ｸ fl apple6ｦ ｸ fl, 6ｦ0 036ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl ｦ ｦ06 500apple fl, apple6ｦ apple6ｦ , apple apple ｨ ｨｮ/05ｨｨｨ 05, apple09apple076 56ｦ ｦ000090ｸ apple036ｦ00ｷ ｸ ｦ00ｹ apple ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl. ｨｺ ｦ ｦ0fl 08apple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 0408apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8, apple apple ｦ0fl ｨｺ09ｨｨ apple6ｦ ｦ06 500, apple ｸ9 0ｹ ｹ ｹ apple ｨｺ ｨｦ ｸ ｦ003090ｹ ｦ008apple6ｦ fl0309 0ｹ apple076 7apple6ｦ003030ｸ8 fl6 502fl0ｸ90306fl: 6ｦ1 apple6ｦ009apple6ｦ ｦ0 09 apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｹ ｹ apple6ｦ , 0401apple apple6ｦ ｷ ｦ ｸ8 0408apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8; 6ｦ apple6ｦ00ｷ309fl 0ｹ ｹ apple ｦ0000ｸ8 apple ｦ apple6ｦ apple6ｦ fl; 6ｦ1 0408apple6ｦ ｹ ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ00309; 6ｦ1 0ｹ ｹ ｦ0fl ｦ ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 0408apple6ｦ fl ｦ apple6ｦ0000ｸ8 0701apple04086ｦ00ｸ90ｸ apple00 0ｸ8 096ｦ ｦ ｸ90ｹ fl ｨｺ apple006ｦ ｦ00ｷ ｷ ｸ806fl0ｹ fl 6ｧ ｦ apple6ｦ fl ( ｱ ｹ ｹ ｹ ｹ ｱ) 09, 6 5 0ｹ06ｦ , ｦ0 6ｦ00ｹ0, apple0ｸ fl096ｦ0000ｸ apple6ｦ ｸ80309 apple000604apple066ｦ ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl ｨｦｨｦ04 Grosslingova Bratislava Slovak Republic ｨｪ0002.: ｦ00106:

42 13ｨｨapple076 7apple6ｦ003036ｦ0 apple6ｦ fl ｨｦｨｦ04 Grosslingova Bratislava Slovak Republic 03apple6ｦ ｦ06 56ｦ0 2003