( ±jah) (Ωarπrah)

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1 (ma la ah) (maq± id al-sharμah) (qaw± id fiqhμyah)

2 ( ±jah) (Ωarπrah)

4 7 13 (d.23/644) (d.179/795) 9 (ma la ah mursalah) (ma la ah) (mursal) 30

5 10 (d.204/820) al-ris±lah al-umm (fiqh) u πl al-fiqh furπ al-fiqh al-ris±lah (qiy±s) (ijm± ) 11 al-umm ( ±jah) (Ωarπrah) (d.478/1085) 31

6 (d.505/1111) (qaw± id fiqhμyah) 23 32

7 (d.660/1262) Qaw± id al- A k±m (d.684/1285) Shar Tanqμ al- Fu πl al-furπq 29 (Ωarπrμyah) ( ±jμyah) (tam±mμyah) 30 8 (d.790/1388) al- Muw±faq±t

8 al- Ashb± wa-al-na ±ir 34 (d.716/1316) 35 (d.911/1505) (d.1905) (d.1935) 40 34

10 1 G pp al-mashaqqah tajlub al-taysμr. 3 Alμ A mad al-nadwμ, al-qaw± id al-fiqhμyah, Damascus, 1425/2004, pp al-ωarπr±t tabμ al-ma πr±t. 5 Alμ A mad al-nadwμ, al-qaw± id al-fiqhμyah, Damascus, 1425/2004, p Muslim bn Mu ammad bn M±jid al-dawsrμ, al-mumti fμ al-qaw± id al-fiqhμyah, Riyadh, 1428/2007, pp Wahbah al-zu aylμ, U πl al-fiqh al-isl±mμ, 2vols., Damascus, 1406/1986, vol.2, p p Wahbah al-zu aylμ, U πl al-fiqh al-isl±mμ, 2vols., Damascus, 1406/1986, vol.2,p A mad al-raysπnμ, Na arμyah al-maq± id inda al-imam al-sh±ªibμ, Beirut, 1412/ 1992, pp Im±m al- aramayn al-juwaynμ, al-burh±n fμ U πl al-fiqh, 2vols., Cairo, 1400h, vol.2, p Mu ammad bn Idrμs al-sh±fi μ, al-ris±lah, Beirut, 1426/2005, p Mu ammad bn Idrμs al-sh±fi μ, al-umm, 8vols., Beirut, 1393/1973, vol.4, p

11 13 Ibid., vol.4, p Ibid., vol.3, p Im±m al- aramayn al-juwaynμ, al-burh±n fμ U πl al-fiqh, 2vols., Cairo, 1400h, vol.2, p pp pp Abπ ±mid Mu ammad al-ghaz±lμ, al-musta f± min Ilm al-u πl, 2vols., Boulaq, 1322h, vol.1, pp Ibid., vol.1, p Ibid., vol.1, pp (d.450/1058) Alμ bn Mu ammad bn abμb al-m±wardμ, al-a k±m al-sulª±nμyah, Beirut, 1405/1985, p.51. (d.631/1233) Sayf al-dμn Abπ al- asan Alμ al- midμ, I k±m fμ U πl al-a k±m, 4vols., Beirut, 1426/2005, vol.4, pp Mu ammad al- ±hir bn shπr, Maq± id al-sharμah al-isl±mμyah, Tunis, 1428/2007, p Muslim bn Mu ammad bn M±jid al-dawsrμ, al-mumti fμ al-qaw± id al-fiqhμyah, Riyadh, 1428/2007, p (d.771/1370) T±j al-dμn Abd al-wahh±b bn Alμ al-subkμ, al-ashb±h wa-al-na ±ir, 2vols., Beirut, 1422/2001, vol.1, p Abπ Mu ammad Izz al-dμn Abd al- Azμz Ibn Abd al-sal±m, Qaw± id al-a k±m fμ Ma ±li al-an±m, 2vols., Beirut, 1400/1980, vol.1, p.4. Qandπz Mu ammad al-m± μ, Qaw± id al-ma la ah wa-al-mafsadah, Beirut, 1428/2006, pp Abπ Mu ammad Izz al-dμn Abd al- Azμz Ibn Abd al-sal±m, Qaw± id al-a k±m fμ Ma ±li a l- An±m, 2vols., Beirut, 1400/1980, vol.1, p.10, vol.2, p.5. 37

12 27 Shih±b al-dμn A mad bn Idrμs al-qar±fμ, Shar Tanqμ al-fu πl, Beirut, 1418/1997, p Shih±b al-dμn A mad bn Idrμs al-qar±fμ, al-furπq, 4vols., Beirut, n.d., vol.1, p furπq Alμ A mad al-nadwμ, al-qaw± id al-fiqhμyah, Damascus, 1425/2004, p.81, al-f±d±nμ, al-faw±id al-jinnμyah, vol.1, p Shih±b al-dμn A mad bn Idrμs al-qar±fμ, al-furπq, 4vols., Beirut, n.d., vol.3, p Abπ Is ±q Ibr±hμm al-sh±ªibμ, al-muw±faq±t, Beirut, 1425/2004, p Ibid., p Alμ A mad al-nadwμ, al-qaw± id al-fiqhμyah, Damascus, 1425/2004, p ashb±h na ±ir Abπ Abd All±h adr al-dμn Ibn Wakμl, al-ashb±h wa-al-na ±ir, 2vols., Riyadh, 1413/1993, vol.1, p al- ±jah al- ±mmah tunazzal manzilah al-ωarπrah al-kh± ah. Ibid.,vol.2, p al- ±jah tunazzal manzilah al-ωarπrah ±mmatan k±nat aw kh± atan. Jal±l al-dμn Abd al-ra m±n al-suyπªμ, al-ashb±h wa-al-na ±ir, Beirut, 1417/1996, p Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, Cambridge, 1983, p p Mu ammad Abduh, Ris±lah al-taw μd, Egypt, 1386h, pp Malcolm H. Kerr, Islamic Reform, Berkeley, 1966, pp Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, Cambridge, 1983, p Mu ammad Sa μd RamaΩ±n al-bπªμ, ºaw±biª al-ma la ah, Beirut, 1406/1986, p Ibid., p Ibid., p

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