? 2008 9 28 We thank Colin McKenzie, Noriko Mizutani, Yoko Morita, Midori Wakabayashi and seminar participants at Kansai Labor Economics Seminar for their helpful comments and discussions. We would like to thank JTUC (Rengo) Research Institute for Advancement of Living Standards and the Information Center for Social Science Research on Japan, Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo (SSJ Data Archive) for allowing us to use the data 1998 and 2003 The Questionnaire Surveys on the Lives of Elementary School Pupils and Lower Secondary School Students, 1995). We are indebted to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of the Japanese Government for Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research number 18330068 and 19330062, which supported this research. BKC Research Organization of Social Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji Higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan, Tel./Fax +81-77-561-4987, kureishi@ec.ritsumeikan.ac.jp Faculty of Economics, Momoyama Gakuin University, 1-1-Manabino, Izumi, Osaka 594-1198, Japan, kyoshida@andrew.ac.jp 1
1 NHK 2005 3 4 2004 1 6 Kirkorian, Wartella, and Anderson [3] Schmidt and Vandewater [4] 2
Kirkorian, Wartella, and Anderson [3] Gentzkow and Shapiro [1] omitted variables 3
Zavodny [5] Zavodny [5] 1995 SSJ Zavodny [5] Gentzkow and Shapiro [1] OLS 4
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 performance = α 1 TVtime + Xα + u, (1) performance TVtime X X TVtime = β 1 + β 2 channel + Xβ + e, (2) channel (2) (1) 2 ˆ TVtime 5
3 1995 9 7 5 6 (422 ) 2 3 (358 ) (9 9 ) (9 10 ) (9 13 ) 15 time use data 1 53 2 4 5 4 3 2 1 1992 2 5 2 1995 1 4 1995 9 9 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) CD () (CD) () ( ) ( ) () () ( HL) ( ) () ( ) () ( ) 6
1 3.53 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 5 4 3 2 1 pace 1 3.63 2.93 TVtime 53 TVtime 7
TVtime = 5 TVtime wed + TVtime sat + TVtimesun, (3) 5 1 13.6 3.02, 2.80, 1.59 2-1 2-2. 3 5.2% 6.6% 47% 45% 7. 3 3. 8
13 6 channel 5 ( (NNS), (FNS), (JNN), (ANN), (TXN)) ( UHF ) UHF 3 2 5 6 4 4 3 6 2 (UMK) FNN NNN ANN UHF 1 (1) TVtime 3 (2) 4 (2) 3 9
2.10 2 0.49 0.26 30 15 ( 0.32 p 14.6%) 4 t 10 80 130 3 2 Gentzkow and Shapiro [1] 10
7 7.1 performance 5 6 performance (OLS) 5 performance 8 7 ( (i) (v)) ( (ii) (iv) (vi) (viii)) 11
OLS p 16.8% 8 7 7.2 pace pace 9 10 9 18.7% performance 12
11 12 11 12 OLS ( 11) ( 12) 8 13 53 Appendix A 13 13
0.25 (2) (1) Studytime = γ 1 TVtime + Xγ + υ, (4) Studytime 53 () (CD) () ( ) 7 Studytime = 5 Studytime wed + Studytime sat + Studytimesun, (5) 12.1 1.55, 1.64, 1.74 14 (i)( ) (ii)( ) 14
(iii) (iv) 9 1995 SSJ 8 2 OLS 15
.. 16
[1] Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M. Shapiro (2006) Does Television Rot Your Brain? New Evidence from the Coleman Study NBER Working Paper No. W12021 [2] Sandra L. Hofferth and John F. Sandberg (2001) How American Children Spend Their Time Journal of Marriage and Family Volume 63 Issue 2, Pages 295 308 [3] Heather L Kirkorian., Ellen A. Wartella, and Daniel R. Anderson (2008) Media and Young Children s Learning The Future of Children, Volume 18 Number 1 [4] Schmidt Marie Evans and Elizabeth A. Vandewater (2008) Media and Attention, Cognition, and School Achievement The Future of Children, Volume 18 Number 1 [5] Madeline Zavodny (2006) Does watching television rot your mind? Estimates of the effect on test scores Economics of Education Review Volume 25, Issue 5, October 2006, Pages 565-573 [6] HP http://www.jpeds.or.jp/iinkai-j.html (2008 7 23 ) 17
A 53 5, (), (CD),,, (),, ( ),,,, CD,, ( ),,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( 18
), ( ), (), ( HL), ( ),,, (),, ( ), (), ( ),, 19
1: Performance 3.622 0.959 3.507 1.095 Pace 3.159 0.795 2.947 0.829 14.201 7.128 13.485 7.469 2.981 1.884 3.067 2.111 2.733 1.636 2.945 1.964 1.697 1.154 1.494 1.109 4.244 1.411 4.203 1.305 () 3241.307 470.650 3281.872 456.984 (100 ) 4.692 3.552 4.514 3.536 0.485 0.501 0.520 0.501 5/ 2 0.526 0.500 0.577 0.495 0.052 0.222 0.066 0.249 0.470 0.500 0.445 0.498 13.024 1.544 12.963 1.551 0.448 0.498 0.480 0.501 0.274 0.447 0.335 0.473 0.348 0.477 0.344 0.476 6.504 8.244 6.116 8.034 40.859 3.801 43.132 3.440 0.444 0.498 0.709 0.455 0.319 0.467 0.317 0.466 0.019 0.135 0.031 0.173 0.463 0.500 0.485 0.501 / 0.011 0.105 0.656 0.476 0.019 0.135 0.040 0.196 0.011 0.105 0.009 0.094 270 227 20
2: U 5 HBC STV UHB HTB TVH 6 TBS NTV CX ANB TX U 4 SBC TSB NBS ABN 4 SBS SDT SUT SATV 3 TUT KNB BBT 6 MBS YTV KTV ABC TVO U 2 MRT UMK UMK UMK UMK 21
3: ( ) TVtime 2.103 0.487 0.317 0.26 [0.867]** [0.239]** [0.217] [0.145]* () 0.001 0 0 0 [0.002] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) -1.068-0.26-0.091-0.143 [0.375]*** [0.105]** [0.095] [0.064]** -0.768-0.076-0.229-0.093 [0.850] [0.232] [0.206] [0.139] 1.375 0.083-0.612 0.381 [2.551] [0.348] [0.410] [0.441] -1.233-0.375-0.031-0.165 [0.946] [0.276] [0.234] [0.156] -0.121-0.121 0.364-0.073 [1.043] [0.298] [0.256] [0.173] 1.982-0.082 0.269 0.359 [1.187]* [0.321] [0.305] [0.195]* -0.281-0.061 0.014-0.047 [0.305] [0.074] [0.066] [0.050] -0.323-0.382-0.122 0.036 [0.837] [0.237] [0.204] [0.136] -5.267-0.293-1.266-0.742 [2.733]* [0.456] [0.299]*** [0.490] -0.832-0.265 0.268-0.167 [0.973] [0.283] [0.223] [0.171] -10.708-2.209-1.831-1.334 [2.258]*** [0.357]*** [0.877]** [0.336]*** -0.533-0.433-0.195 0.019 [1.059] [0.262]* [0.256] [0.167] 0.005 0.004 0.021-0.004 [0.062] [0.016] [0.015] [0.010] -0.159-0.043-0.064-0.01 [0.126] [0.031] [0.034]* [0.020] 0.022-0.198 0.202 0.004 [0.932] [0.245] [0.214] [0.153] -0.408 0.097-0.274-0.046 [0.977] [0.247] [0.207] [0.167] 1.418 0.032-0.104 0.298 [3.474] [0.664] [0.707] [0.469] -6.781-0.884-0.571-1.065 [2.133]*** [0.757] [0.968] [0.264]*** 18.786 4.711 4.85 1.845 [7.340]** [1.933]** [1.937]** [1.110]* 270 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.1 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 22
4: TVtime -0.095 0.015 0.28-0.078 [1.138] [0.338] [0.245] [0.169] () 0.002 0 0.001 0 [0.002] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) 0.058-0.07-0.113 0.048 [0.491] [0.134] [0.109] [0.071] 2.158 0.5 0.495 0.233 [1.270]* [0.353] [0.355] [0.190] -0.988-0.412-0.08-0.099 [1.570] [0.518] [0.515] [0.240] -1.013 0.31-0.305-0.204 [1.169] [0.350] [0.323] [0.175] -0.685-0.565 0.021-0.028 [1.723] [0.534] [0.478] [0.207] 0.306-0.66 0.111 0.171 [1.603] [0.497] [0.431] [0.204] -0.944-0.285-0.155-0.101 [0.362]*** [0.100]*** [0.094] [0.054]* -1.048-0.604-0.058-0.077 [1.036] [0.289]** [0.277] [0.152] 2.505 0.159 0.328 0.404 [1.745] [0.577] [0.476] [0.391] 0.129-0.135 0.045 0.044 [1.115] [0.308] [0.286] [0.170] -0.486-0.036-0.431-0.004 [1.218] [0.356] [0.323] [0.183] 1.863 0.538 0.16 0.233 [1.260] [0.401] [0.325] [0.175] -0.015-0.031 0.007 0.002 [0.067] [0.018]* [0.017] [0.011] -0.136-0.002-0.062-0.014 [0.153] [0.044] [0.042] [0.023] 0.726 0.32 0.493-0.017 [1.202] [0.312] [0.328] [0.173] -0.043-0.756-0.129 0.168 [1.082] [0.300]** [0.286] [0.167] -5.539-0.852-0.725-0.792 [1.910]*** [0.524] [0.507] [0.312]** -11.521-2.845-1.64-1.407 [2.617]*** [0.766]*** [1.262] [0.250]*** 23.657 7.205 4.943 2.302 [8.237]*** [2.845]** [2.425]** [1.216]* 227 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.12 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 23
5: ( OLS) Performance (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) TVtime 0 0.048-0.064-0.002 [0.008] [0.035] [0.035]* [0.048] () -0.00045-0.00047-0.00047-0.00045 [.0.00021]** [0.00021]** [0.00021]** [0.00021]** (100 ) 0.065 0.069 0.067 0.065 [0.029]** [0.029]** [0.029]** [0.029]** -0.136-0.133-0.15-0.136 [0.113] [0.112] [0.113] [0.113] 0.014 0.007-0.023 0.014 [0.356] [0.358] [0.360] [0.356] -0.133-0.118-0.132-0.133 [0.128] [0.126] [0.128] [0.128] -0.282-0.274-0.26-0.282 [0.154]* [0.155]* [0.153]* [0.154]* -0.118-0.109-0.105-0.118 [0.153] [0.152] [0.153] [0.153] 0.135 0.138 0.136 0.135 [0.040]*** [0.039]*** [0.039]*** [0.040]*** -0.285-0.266-0.292-0.284 [0.117]** [0.119]** [0.116]** [0.117]** 0.833 0.86 0.744 0.833 [0.322]** [0.300]*** [0.319]** [0.322]** 0.354 0.362 0.376 0.354 [0.143]** [0.143]** [0.142]*** [0.143]** 0.602 0.705 0.492 0.602 [0.409] [0.394]* [0.356] [0.406] 0.004 0.022-0.006 0.004 [0.137] [0.137] [0.136] [0.137] 0.01 0.009 0.011 0.01 [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] 0.003 0.005-0.001 0.003 [0.018] [0.017] [0.018] [0.018] -0.036-0.03-0.021-0.036 [0.120] [0.120] [0.119] [0.120] -0.031-0.034-0.049-0.031 [0.116] [0.116] [0.115] [0.116] -0.107-0.11-0.114-0.107 [0.221] [0.239] [0.214] [0.220] -0.137-0.079-0.183-0.137 [0.304] [0.285] [0.340] [0.302] 3.124 2.853 3.464 3.123 [1.000]*** [0.975]*** [1.011]*** [0.986]*** 270 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.16 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 24
6: ( OLS) Performance (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) TVtime -0.013-0.016-0.016-0.093 [0.010] [0.036] [0.037] [0.064] () 0 0 0 0 [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) 0.033 0.032 0.033 0.035 [0.036] [0.036] [0.036] [0.036] 0.316 0.296 0.296 0.311 [0.186]* [0.186] [0.186] [0.187]* 0.115 0.121 0.127 0.117 [0.349] [0.351] [0.349] [0.349] 0.038 0.056 0.046 0.032 [0.169] [0.172] [0.173] [0.168] -0.207-0.207-0.197-0.201 [0.208] [0.211] [0.211] [0.208] -0.007-0.021-0.009 0.004 [0.204] [0.207] [0.207] [0.204] 0.118 0.125 0.127 0.12 [0.051]** [0.050]** [0.051]** [0.052]** -0.2-0.196-0.188-0.194 [0.153] [0.154] [0.155] [0.154] 0.66 0.631 0.634 0.665 [0.370]* [0.360]* [0.368]* [0.373]* 0.109 0.105 0.109 0.11 [0.155] [0.157] [0.156] [0.155] -0.148-0.142-0.148-0.143 [0.176] [0.178] [0.178] [0.176] 0.079 0.064 0.059 0.077 [0.194] [0.193] [0.195] [0.195] 0.015 0.014 0.015 0.015 [0.009] [0.009] [0.009] [0.009] 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.007 [0.023] [0.023] [0.023] [0.023] 0.092 0.088 0.091 0.081 [0.174] [0.175] [0.173] [0.175] -0.013-0.024-0.014 0.002 [0.170] [0.165] [0.168] [0.171] -0.885-0.829-0.83-0.886 [0.262]*** [0.252]*** [0.254]*** [0.263]*** 1.3 1.399 1.415 1.317 [0.435]*** [0.438]*** [0.429]*** [0.449]*** 2.344 2.162 2.137 2.25 [1.554] [1.543] [1.580] [1.547] 227 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.13 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 25
7: ( IV) Performance (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) TVtime -0.097-0.419-0.643-0.785 [0.070] [0.341] [0.539] [0.642] () 0 0-0.001 0 [0.000] [0.000] [0.000]* [0.000] (100 ) 0.039 0.033 0.084 0.03 [0.042] [0.048] [0.043]* [0.051] -0.204-0.161-0.276-0.202 [0.152] [0.162] [0.205] [0.167] 0.172 0.074-0.354 0.338 [0.499] [0.368] [0.562] [0.616] -0.225-0.263-0.126-0.236 [0.177] [0.200] [0.194] [0.202] -0.312-0.351-0.066-0.357 [0.176]* [0.211]* [0.271] [0.205]* 0.028-0.198 0.01 0.118 [0.229] [0.230] [0.259] [0.296] 0.105 0.107 0.142 0.096 [0.054]* [0.060]* [0.054]*** [0.064] -0.315-0.444-0.362-0.256 [0.147]** [0.209]** [0.190]* [0.156] 0.224 0.612-0.079 0.153 [0.669] [0.530] [0.828] [0.822] 0.322 0.292 0.575 0.272 [0.172]* [0.196] [0.272]** [0.204] -0.383-0.27-0.522-0.392 [0.786] [0.904] [0.988] [0.881] -0.022-0.152-0.096 0.044 [0.175] [0.208] [0.221] [0.201] 0.009 0.01 0.022 0.005 [0.010] [0.011] [0.015] [0.011] -0.01-0.012-0.035-0.003 [0.024] [0.027] [0.041] [0.025] -0.006-0.091 0.122-0.006 [0.153] [0.173] [0.212] [0.172] -0.077 0.003-0.214-0.074 [0.147] [0.169] [0.218] [0.171] 0.035-0.089-0.17 0.131 [0.392] [0.273] [0.472] [0.474] -0.91-0.623-0.62-1.089 [0.699] [0.620] [0.943] [0.851] 5.289 5.44 6.585 4.916 [2.047]** [2.316]** [3.393]* [2.026]** 270 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 26
8: ( IV) Performance (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) TVtime 0.087-0.538-0.03 0.106 [2.074] [14.837] [0.558] [2.051] () 0 0 0 0 [0.005] [0.002] [0.000] [0.001] (100 ) 0.031-0.001 0.033 0.031 [0.067] [0.957] [0.038] [0.058] 0.099 0.557 0.302 0.263 [4.502] [7.390] [0.325] [0.526] 0.215-0.093 0.126 0.139 [2.119] [6.104] [0.348] [0.425] 0.14 0.218 0.042 0.073 [2.097] [4.622] [0.240] [0.452] -0.137-0.501-0.197-0.194 [1.463] [8.362] [0.211] [0.230] -0.037-0.366-0.007-0.029 [0.689] [9.780] [0.223] [0.395] 0.212-0.024 0.125 0.14 [1.956] [4.227] [0.102] [0.212] -0.096-0.512-0.189-0.179 [2.177] [8.946] [0.157] [0.225] 0.41 0.715 0.639 0.586 [5.189] [2.418] [0.430] [0.874] 0.097 0.036 0.11 0.104 [0.268] [1.981] [0.170] [0.161] -0.099-0.161-0.154-0.141 [1.057] [0.570] [0.279] [0.185] -0.106 0.346 0.061 0.032 [3.861] [8.038] [0.220] [0.506] 0.016-0.002 0.015 0.015 [0.032] [0.464] [0.010] [0.010] 0.02 0.007 0.006 0.01 [0.287] [0.042] [0.039] [0.040] 0.02 0.256 0.099 0.086 [1.491] [4.732] [0.341] [0.188] -0.008-0.419-0.015-0.03 [0.207] [11.215] [0.182] [0.379] -0.336-1.279-0.841-0.736 [11.374] [12.734] [0.553] [1.557] 2.446-0.093 1.39 1.589 [23.814] [42.346] [1.064] [2.856] -0.003 5.944 2.212 1.82 [48.711] [107.230] [3.308] [4.786] 227 0.12 0.09 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 27
9: ( OLS) Pace (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) TVtime -0.001 0.009-0.038 0.003 [0.007] [0.024] [0.028] [0.041] () 0 0 0 0 [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) 0.02 0.021 0.021 0.02 [0.024] [0.024] [0.024] [0.024] -0.044-0.042-0.051-0.043 [0.101] [0.101] [0.100] [0.101] 0.125 0.122 0.102 0.123 [0.214] [0.215] [0.214] [0.215] -0.153-0.149-0.151-0.151 [0.112] [0.113] [0.111] [0.112] -0.37-0.368-0.357-0.369 [0.124]*** [0.125]*** [0.124]*** [0.125]*** -0.251-0.251-0.245-0.254 [0.143]* [0.144]* [0.143]* [0.144]* 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.006 [0.036] [0.036] [0.036] [0.036] -0.102-0.098-0.106-0.102 [0.095] [0.094] [0.095] [0.095] 0.294 0.305 0.246 0.303 [0.229] [0.223] [0.228] [0.227] 0.214 0.215 0.227 0.214 [0.126]* [0.126]* [0.127]* [0.127]* -0.509-0.479-0.565-0.495 [0.265]* [0.257]* [0.236]** [0.264]* 0.034 0.038 0.028 0.034 [0.129] [0.128] [0.128] [0.129] 0 0 0 0 [0.007] [0.007] [0.007] [0.007] -0.021-0.021-0.023-0.021 [0.014] [0.014] [0.015] [0.014] 0.073 0.074 0.082 0.073 [0.106] [0.105] [0.107] [0.106] 0.005 0.005-0.005 0.006 [0.105] [0.104] [0.105] [0.105] -0.554-0.556-0.559-0.556 [0.513] [0.506] [0.533] [0.510] -0.193-0.174-0.214-0.182 [0.921] [0.924] [0.893] [0.920] 4.252 4.178 4.435 4.223 [0.853]*** [0.863]*** [0.842]*** [0.842]*** 270 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 28
10: ( OLS) Pace (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) TVtime 0 0.008-0.018 0.003 [0.008] [0.026] [0.032] [0.061] () 0 0 0 0 [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.003 [0.027] [0.027] [0.028] [0.027] 0.109 0.104 0.116 0.107 [0.151] [0.149] [0.146] [0.150] 0.15 0.153 0.149 0.15 [0.195] [0.196] [0.194] [0.196] 0.289 0.287 0.284 0.29 [0.130]** [0.129]** [0.130]** [0.131]** -0.169-0.165-0.168-0.169 [0.164] [0.162] [0.164] [0.164] -0.174-0.169-0.172-0.175 [0.169] [0.169] [0.168] [0.168] -0.008-0.005-0.01-0.007 [0.039] [0.041] [0.040] [0.039] 0.116 0.121 0.115 0.116 [0.110] [0.110] [0.110] [0.110] 0.305 0.303 0.31 0.303 [0.399] [0.405] [0.403] [0.396] 0.027 0.028 0.028 0.027 [0.128] [0.127] [0.127] [0.128] -0.194-0.194-0.201-0.194 [0.145] [0.145] [0.145] [0.145] 0.121 0.116 0.124 0.12 [0.136] [0.136] [0.134] [0.135] 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 [0.007]* [0.008]* [0.007]* [0.007]* -0.004-0.004-0.005-0.004 [0.021] [0.021] [0.021] [0.021] -0.134-0.137-0.125-0.134 [0.125] [0.125] [0.126] [0.126] -0.135-0.129-0.137-0.136 [0.127] [0.128] [0.126] [0.127] -0.4-0.391-0.414-0.396 [0.246] [0.245] [0.239]* [0.243] 0.558 0.584 0.529 0.566 [0.438] [0.442] [0.412] [0.437] 2.627 2.561 2.717 2.612 [1.134]** [1.130]** [1.149]** [1.124]** 227 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 29
11: ( IV) Pace (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) TVtime 0.02 0.088 0.135 0.165 [0.048] [0.206] [0.342] [0.391] () 0 0 0 0 [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) 0.026 0.027 0.016 0.028 [0.029] [0.030] [0.026] [0.032] -0.029-0.038-0.013-0.029 [0.110] [0.105] [0.133] [0.111] 0.09 0.111 0.201 0.055 [0.239] [0.220] [0.319] [0.281] -0.132-0.124-0.153-0.13 [0.130] [0.141] [0.118] [0.133] -0.363-0.355-0.415-0.354 [0.128]*** [0.132]*** [0.165]** [0.136]*** -0.284-0.236-0.28-0.303 [0.154]* [0.157] [0.157]* [0.174]* 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.015 [0.038] [0.038] [0.037] [0.041] -0.095-0.068-0.085-0.108 [0.098] [0.125] [0.109] [0.099] 0.429 0.347 0.492 0.444 [0.369] [0.232] [0.534] [0.403] 0.221 0.227 0.167 0.231 [0.131]* [0.136]* [0.164] [0.141] -0.291-0.314-0.261-0.289 [0.559] [0.479] [0.687] [0.568] 0.04 0.067 0.055 0.026 [0.133] [0.154] [0.152] [0.134] 0 0-0.003 0.001 [0.007] [0.007] [0.009] [0.007] -0.018-0.018-0.013-0.02 [0.016] [0.016] [0.025] [0.015] 0.067 0.085 0.04 0.066 [0.108] [0.109] [0.140] [0.109] 0.015-0.002 0.044 0.015 [0.110] [0.108] [0.150] [0.111] -0.585-0.559-0.542-0.605 [0.464] [0.474] [0.438] [0.475] -0.022-0.082-0.083 0.016 [1.041] [1.005] [1.072] [1.059] 3.773 3.741 3.5 3.851 [1.324]*** [1.380]*** [2.018]* [1.187]*** 270 0.05 0.05 0.04 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 30
12: IV Pace (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) TVtime -0.203 1.252 0.069-0.248 [2.566] [28.565] [0.358] [1.338] () 0.001 0 0 0 [0.006] [0.004] [0.000] [0.000] (100 ) 0.008 0.084 0.004 0.008 [0.086] [1.837] [0.029] [0.043] 0.549-0.516 0.076 0.168 [5.593] [14.218] [0.209] [0.372] -0.053 0.664 0.153 0.123 [2.617] [11.804] [0.199] [0.245] 0.083-0.099 0.31 0.239 [2.598] [8.841] [0.180]* [0.294] -0.31 0.536-0.172-0.178 [1.844] [16.114] [0.172] [0.187] -0.113 0.651-0.183-0.133 [0.862] [18.830] [0.180] [0.284] -0.199 0.349 0.003-0.032 [2.405] [8.135] [0.069] [0.139] -0.096 0.873 0.121 0.098 [2.702] [17.236] [0.118] [0.157] 0.812 0.104 0.28 0.402 [6.462] [4.675] [0.416] [0.698] 0.051 0.193 0.021 0.035 [0.369] [3.858] [0.132] [0.146] -0.294-0.151-0.165-0.196 [1.303] [1.101] [0.195] [0.152] 0.497-0.556 0.107 0.176 [4.744] [15.469] [0.153] [0.322] 0.01 0.052 0.013 0.014 [0.040] [0.895] [0.008] [0.009] -0.032-0.001 0-0.008 [0.354] [0.082] [0.030] [0.031] 0.011-0.537-0.17-0.141 [1.869] [9.137] [0.217] [0.137] -0.146 0.81-0.128-0.095 [0.281] [21.585] [0.132] [0.253] -1.515 0.678-0.339-0.585 [14.096] [24.529] [0.385] [1.082] -1.77 4.136 0.686 0.224 [29.338] [81.491] [0.829] [1.850] 7.392-6.44 2.241 3.153 [60.407] [207.175] [2.181] [3.268] 227 0.07 0.01 * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 31
13: 5 6 2 3-0.248-0.24-0.269-0.244-0.244-0.315-0.176-0.011 0.0547-0.059-0.156-0.081 0.0534 0.0117-0.13-0.11-0.139-0.216-0.242-0.024-0.108-0.339-0.365-0.337-0.232-0.328-0.463-0.419 32
14: Studytime IV OLS (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) TVtime -0.453 0.308-0.252-0.264 [0.594] [0.749] [0.060]*** [0.077]*** -1.509-1.024-1.046 0.68 [2.506] [3.392] [1.876] [2.029] 3.418 1.057 3.473 0.695 [1.303]*** [2.002] [1.266]*** [1.667] 5/ 2-0.956-6.748-0.812-5.904 [0.898] [1.871]*** [0.792] [1.185]*** 0.083-0.672-0.165-0.72 [1.135] [1.140] [0.696] [0.972] -1.892-0.269-1.591 0.052 [1.097]* [1.196] [0.872]* [1.015] -1.863-4.121-1.822-3.866 [1.104]* [1.726]** [1.125] [1.532]** -2.674-2.929-2.936-1.941 [1.440]* [1.840] [1.146]** [1.468] 0.607 1.029 0.736 0.082 [1.033] [2.087] [0.941] [1.325] -2.961-0.431-2.915-1.123 [0.888]*** [1.604] [0.846]*** [1.244] 1.396 0.469 1.924 1.12 [5.202] [4.704] [4.241] [3.784] 0.071-1.616 0.08-1.572 [0.993] [1.452] [0.976] [1.263] 0.227 1.789 [5.810] [3.418] 0.093-0.064 0.092-0.076 [0.049]* [0.058] [0.050]* [0.051] -0.718-0.15-0.527 0.784 [1.147] [1.892] [1.094] [1.537] 1000 0.008-1.382 0.211-0.111 [1.421] [2.286] [1.438] [1.834] 3000 3.007 2.892 3.371 2.142 [2.696] [3.555] [2.559] [3.101] 5000-0.707-1.236-0.826-1.363 [1.492] [2.168] [1.411] [2.020] 10000-0.487-0.581-0.503-0.671 [1.202] [1.797] [1.159] [1.500] 0.216 0.157 0.239 0.152 [0.164] [0.210] [0.131]* [0.186] 0.147 1.31 0.004 1.813 [1.003] [1.537] [0.960] [1.220] -0.507-3.157-0.419-2.612 [0.904] [1.454]** [0.895] [1.194]** -0.172-0.287 [3.425] [3.051] 6.756 8.34 [4.647] [1.932]*** 5.059 2.394 [5.037] [4.226] 1.663-1.643 [5.199] [3.101] 6.633 0.354 [8.830] [2.410] 13.719 13.367 9.426 19.658 [14.289] [12.438] [5.809] [8.680]** 298 250 298 251 0.19 0.06 0.22 0.26 : * 10 ** 5 ; *** 1 33
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1-4 1-5
2-1: ( 2-2