Fig. 2 Gaussian surfaces with different standard deviations

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Free-Form Deformations Based on Gaussian Functions - Fundamental Theory for Interactive Modeling- Norimasa YOSHIDA, Ken'ya KANOU and Katsuhiro KITAJIMA Interactive and intuitive modeling is one of the most important issues in geometric modeling. However, modeling a complex object interactively and intuitively is still a difficult problem. In this paper, new Free-Form Deformations (FFDs) based on Gaussian functions are introduced. Different from previous FFDs that are based on Bernstein or B-spline functions, FFDs based on Gaussian functions allow an arbitrary number of control points to be placed in arbitrary positions. Moreover, the standard deviations of Gaussian functions can control the localness of the effects of control points. These facts provide designers with more interactivity and more intuitiveness. The designer can place a manipulation point in the region to be modified, and by changing the standard deviations, the designers can choose the effect of localness of the movement of the manipulation point. The definition of FFDs based on Gaussian functions, as well as several examples of the FFDs, is presented. Key words: geometric modeling, free-form deformation, direct manipulation, Gaussian functions Fig. 1 A parallelpipedical lattice

Fig. 2 Gaussian surfaces with different standard deviations

Fig. 3 Flow of FFDs based on Gaussian functions Fig. 4 FFDs of a cube with different standard deviations

(b) 吉 田 加 納 北 鳴:が ウ ス 関 数 に 基 づ くFree-FOrmDeformation (a)original cow model (a)σs=σt=σu=10.0 (b)ƒð9 = 0.03 σs=10.0σt=0.05σn=0.01 (c)ƒð9 = 0.1 (c)shade image of(a)(d)shadedimageof(b) Fig.5FFDsofacowmodel(1) 標 準 偏 差 の 変 更 も 可 能 で あ り,図3に 破線 で示 す よ うに 全 く 異 な る 操 作 点 を 配 置 し な お し て 変 形 す る こ と も 可 能 で あ る. 5.ガ 図4は,立 ウ ス 関 数 に 基 づ くFFDを 方 体 の コ ー ナ の8か 所 に 操 作 点 を 置 き,す の 操 作 点 の 標 準 偏 差 を 変 え てFFDを 変 形 す る 様 子 を 示 し て い る.立 用 いた 変形 べて 行 った と きの立 方体 の 方 体 は,各 間 隔 に パ ラ メ ー タ 化 さ れ て い る.図4(a)に (d)ƒð9 = 0.2 軸 方 向 に関 して等 示 さ れ る よ う に, 標 準 偏 差 が 大 き い 場 合 に は パ ラ メー タ の 等 間 隔 性 が 保 た れ, 標 準 偏 差 が 小 さ く な る と,各 パ ラ メー タ 点 は 操 作 点 に 近 づ い て い く(図4(b),(c)).図4(a),(b),(c)に の 標 準 偏 差 は,そ お け るす べて の操 作点 れ ぞ れ,10.0,0.5,035で あ る(標 準 偏 差 は モ デ ル の 大 き さ に 依 存 す る の で,各 0 x,y,z 1と モ デ ル の 座 標 は な る よ う に ス ケ ー リ ン グ さ れ て い る). 図5(a)は,cowモ デ ル を 囲 む 立 方 体 の 頂 点 上 に8個 の操作 点 を 配 置 した 図 で あ る.図5(b)は,こ の 状 態 か ら操 作 点 の 位 置 を変 え ず に,す よ びu方 べ て の 操 作 点 のtお だ け を 小 さ く してFFDを 974精 向 の標準 偏 差 行 っ た も の で あ る.図5(c),(d)は, 密 工 学 会誌Vol,65,No.7,1999 (e)shaded image of (d) Fig. 6 FFDs of a cow model (2)

1) S. Coquillart: Extended Free-Form Deformation: A Sculpting Tool for 3D Geometric Modeling, Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH'90), 24, 4, (1990) 187. 2) O.R.Davis and R. P. Burton: Free-Form Deformation as an Interactive Modeling Tool, J. Imaging Technology, 17, 4, (1991), 181. 3) A. Goshtasby: Design and Recovery of 2-D and 3-D Shapes Using Rational Gaussian Curves and Surfaces, Int. J. Computer Vision, 10, 3, (1993) 233. 4) A. Goshtasby: Geometric Modelling Using Rational Gauss-Ian Curves and Surfaces, Computer-Aided Design, 27, 5, May (1995), 363. 5) J. Griessmair and W. Purgathofer: Deformation of Solids with Trivariate B-splines, Computer Graphics Forum (EUROGRAPHICS'89), (1989) 137. 6) W. M. Hsu, J. F. Hughes and H. Kaufman: Direct Manipulation of Free-Form Deformation, Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH), 26, 2, (1992) 177. 7) H. J. Lamousin and W. N. Waggenspack, Jr.: NURBS- Based Free-Form Deformations, IEEE CG&A, 14, 6, (1994) 59. 8) T. W. Sederberg and S. R. Parry: Free-Form Deformation of Solid Geometric Models: Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH'86), 20, 4, (1986), 151. 12) D. Zorin, P. Schroder and W. Sweldens: Interactive Multiresolution Editing, Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH'97), (1997) 259.