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Tazobactam Piperacillin Fig. 1. Plasma concentrations of tazobactam and piperacillin in animals following a single intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40 mg/kg). Data represent the mean concentration in mouse or mean }SD in another animals. Table 1. Urinary excretion of tazobactam and piperacillin in animals following intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40 mg/kg) Each value represents the mean }SD. a): 0 `6hr

Table 2. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tazobactam and piperacillin in animals following intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40mg/kg) a) Data represent the value calculated from mean plasma concentration. b) Data represent the mean }SD calculated from individual plasma concentration. Mouse: Model-independent method. Rat, rabbit, dog and monkey: two-compartment model. T1/2: the half-life of terminal phase, T112/3: the half-life of Ĉ-phase, AUC(0 ` ): the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time-zero to time-infinity, CLptot: the plasma total body clearance, CLr: the renal clearance, Vdss: the volume of distribution at steady state. Tazobactam Piperacillin Fig. 2. Plasma concentrations of tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs following single intravenous administration at three dose levels of tazobactam/piperacillin. Data represent the mean }SD of three animals. Dose: low dose 16.6mg/kg, middle dose 50mg/kg, high dose 150mg/kg

OCT.1994 Table 3. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs following intravenous administration at three dose levels of tazobactam/piperacillin Data represent the mean } SD calculated from individual plasma concentration data from three animals. a): Dose as tazobactam/piperacillin: Low dose 16.6 mg/kg, middle dose 50 mg/kg, high dose 150 mg/kg *: Significantly different when compared with low dose group (P <0.05, by Student's paired t-test). Two-compartment model; T1120: the half-life of 0-phase, AUC(0 ` 3): the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time-zero to time-infinity, CLptot: the plasma total body clearance, Vdss: the volume of distribution at steady state. Day 1 Day 4 Day 7 Fig. 3. Plasma concentrations of tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs on days 1, 4 and 7 following multiple intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40 mg/kg) every 24 hours for 7 days. Data represent the mean }SD of three animals.

VOL.42 S-2 Table 4. Urinary excretion of tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs on days 1,4 and 7 following multiple intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40mg/kg) every 24 hours for 7 days Each value represents the mean }SD of three animals. Table 5. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs on days 1, 4 and 7 following multiple intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40 mg/kg) every 24 hours for 7 days Data represent the mean } SD calculated from individual plasma concentration data from three animals. Model-independent method; T112: the half-life of terminal phase, AUC(0 ` ): the the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time-zero to time-infinity, CLptot: the plasma total body clearance, CLr: the renal clearance

OCT.1994 Fig. 4. Plasma concentrations of tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs following a single intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40mg/kg) with and without probenecid. Data represent the mean }SD of three animals. Probenecid was administered orally (1000mg/body) one hour before tazobactam/piperacillin administration. Table 6. Urinary excretion of tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs following intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40mg/kg) with and without probenecid Each value represents the mean }SD of three animals. Probenecid was administered orally (1000 mg/body) one hour before tazobactam/piperacillin administration. Table 7. Pharmacokinetic parameters for tazobactam and piperacillin in dogs following intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40mg/kg) with and without probenecid Data represent the mean }SD calculated from individual plasma concentration data from three animals. Probenecid was administered orally (1000mg/body) one hour before tazobactam/piperacillin administration. *: Significantly different from without probenecid group (P<0.05, by Student's paired t-test). Two-compartment model; T1/2f3: the half-life of f3-phase, AUC(o ` ): the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time-zero to time-infinity, CLptot: the plasma total body clearance

VOL.42 S-2 Table 8. Tissue concentrations of tazobactam and piperacillin in mice following intravenous administration of tazobactam/piperacillin (10/40mg/kg) Each value represents the concentration of a tissue mixture of five animals. ND: Not detected NS: No sample

Table 9. In vitro serum protein binding ratio of tazobactam and piperacillin Drug concentration: tazobactam 20 ƒêg/ml, piperacillin 80 ƒêg/ml Incubation: 37 Ž, 25 min Centrifugal ultrafiltration method (MPS-3, Amicon, 1000xg, 4 min) Data represent the mean }SD of three experiments (mouse and rat). Data represent the mean }SD of three subjects (rabbit, dog, monkey and human).- : not examined

ity of TEM-derived Ĉ-lactamases from Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated at the same hospital and relationships between the responsible plasmids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33: 1915 1920. 1989 ` 8) Marunaka T, Maniwa M, Matsushima E and Minami Y: High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of a new Ĉ-lactamase inhibitor and its metabolite in combination therapy with piperacillin in biological materials. J Chromatography 431: 87 `101, 1988 2) Higashitani F, Hyodo A, Ishida N, Inoue M and Mitsuhashi S: Inhibition of Ĉ-lactamases by tazobactam and in-vitro antibacterial activity of tazobactam combined with piperacillin. J Antimicrob Chemother 25: 567 `574, 1990 3) Kitzis M D, Billot-Klein D, Goldstein F W, Williamson R, Tran Van Nhieu G, Carlet J, Acar J F and Gutmann L: Dissemination of the novel plasmid-mediated Ĉ-lactamase CTX-1, which confers resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins, and its inhibition by Ĉ-lactamase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32: 9 `14, 1988 4) Gutmann L, Kitzis M D, Billot-Klein D, Goldstein F W, Tran Van Nhieu G, Lu T, Carlet J, motherapy 42 (S-2): 263 `276, 1994 10) Yamaoka K, Tanigawara Y, Nakagawa T and Uno T: A pharmacokinetic analysis program (MULTI) for microcomputer. J Pharmacobio- Dyn 4: 879-885, 1981 11) Holt J P and Rhode E A: Similarity of renal glomerular hemodynamics in mammals. Am Heart J 92: 465-472, 1976 13) Komuro M, Maeda T, Kakuo H, Matsushita H and Shimada J: Inhibition of the renal excretion of tazobactam by piperacillin. J Antimicrob Chemother in press Collatz E and Williamson R: Plasmid-mediated -lactamase (TEM-7) involved Ĉin resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam. Rev Infect Dis 10: 860-866, 1988 5) Chanal C M, Sirot D L, Petit A, Labia R,

Pharmacokinetic study of tazobactam/piperacillin in experimental animals Toshimatsu Maeda, Masahito Komuro and Hitoshi Matsushita Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 224-2, Ebisuno, Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-01, Japan Tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC) is a 4:1 (potency) combination of piperacillin (PIPC) and a new Ĉ-lactamase inhibitor, tazobactam (TAZ). In this study we investigated the pharmacokinetics of TAZ/PIPC in experimental animals following intravenous administration. The following specific results were obtained. 1. The plasma half-life of TAZ and PIPC showed similar values in each species, and was about 5 minutes in mice, about 10 minutes in rats, about 15 minutes in rabbits, and about 25-35 minutes in dogs and monkeys. 2. The urinary recovery of TAZ and its metabolite M-1 showed similar values in all species, being about 70-85% and 2-15%, respectively, with the total being approximately 80-90%. Species differences existed in the recovery of PIPC, which ranged from 25 to 70%. 3. The effect of dose was examined at 16.6, 50 and 150 mg/kg of TAZ/PIPC in dogs. At these three doses, the pharmacokinetic parameters: the plasma total body clearance (CLPtot) and the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) of TAZ were each approximately the same irrespective of dose. A similar observation was made with respect to PIPC pharmacokinetic parameters. The pharmacokinetics of TAZ and PIPC were roughly dose-dependent at these doses. 4. Following multiple intravenous administration in dogs, there were no significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters (CI:tot, Vdss, etc.) or in the urinary recovery of TAZ and PIPC. No accumulation of TAZ or PIPC was observed following multiple intravenous administration of TAZ/PIPC. 5. The tissue levels of TAZ in mice were highest in the plasma, followed in descending order by the liver, kidney, lung and skin. This order was similar with PIPC. 6. In vitro, the binding rates of TAZ to serum proteins in the presence of TAZ and PIPC were O 4% in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and in human serum. The binding rates of PIPC were ` 6.1 23.8% in these species. There were no interactions between TAZ and PIPC with respect ` to binding rates. 7. The elimination of TAZ and PIPC from plasma were prolonged to a slight extent when probenecid was administered orally to dogs.

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