1 2 2.1 2.2 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 4 4.1 4.2 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 1 2 6
1 100 Szobolcs, I. (1989)
402.5 2005 102 2004-2006
(1) 1% (2) 0.1% (3) 0.01% km 3 / 14km 3 97%3% 0.8% 0.01%
19002000 9 70 % 5000 4000 1.15 0.352.5 3000 2000 1000 0 500 Km 3 / 4500 Km 3 / 70
汲
80ha 8000
20 45-50
2010 2008 http://rapidifire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2 Na + Ca 2+ Mg 2+ K + NaClCaCl 2 Mg Cl 2 K 2 SO 4 CaSO 4 Na 2 CO 3 K 2 CO 3 CaCO 3 MgCO 3 2074.5 54.635.925.5 21.519.50.210.17 6.510-3 (g/100ml)
196020002 2.51.870% 1.915ha18% 40% 608490 4160 4000 4000 20111070 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
3 3.1 salt affected soil phe ECe ESP saline soil 8.5 4dS/m 15% sodic soil 8.5 4dS/m 15% saline-sodic soil 8.5 4dS/m 15% pheph ECe ESP phe=8.5 Sodic Normal ECe=4.0 ds/m Saline-Sodic Saline
3.2 ECw ECe 5 15 EC 1:5 ECa
R b G c R V 1 V 2 T R = R t {1-0.02(T-25)} R V T G c R b (a) (b)
ADR Tc ECs ECw ECw = a() ECa+b() 1000 Output voltage (mv) V [ mv ] 800 600 400 200 = 0.35 [ cm 3 /cm 3 ] = 0.21 = 0.12 = 0.033 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Concentration (ppm) C [ mg/l ] ADRML2,SM200 10dS/m
10cm30cm
TDR Time Domain Reflectometry 30MHz 3GHz r c v 0 2 2 c0t 2 La L LV p ε r c 0 (310 8 m/s) v(m/s)t (ns)l (m)l a (m)v p : 2 0.2 0.0 to -0.2-0.4 ta -0.6 tp -0.8-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 t ( ns )
TDR TDR100SK-1008TDR ε r I L T θ = 0.000824 ε r2 +0.0431 ε r 0.125 EC a Estimated VWC e (cm 3 /cm 3 ) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 K C {1 0.02( T 25)} ( I I ) L cable ECw(dS/m) 1.01 (0.5 g/l) 1.99 ( 1 g/l) 3.83 ( 2 g/l) 6.52 (3.5 g/l) 9.15 ( 5 g/l) 17.7 (10 g/l) 48.2 (30 g/l) 74.7 (50 g/l) 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Measured VWC m (cm 3 /cm 3 ) EC w 4 ( a EC EC a b B( ) A( ) a 3 ( ) c 2 d c ) θecwecw<17.7ds/m θ>0.03
20cm ECH2OECHO TE WET2WT1000N 40dS/m TDR
3.3 1960 2010 2008 http://rapidifire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
塩類集積 排水設備のない畑地に 過剰な 灌漑を行うと地下水が上昇す る 地中の毛管上昇水が地表に届 き 蒸発すると 地表面に塩分が 残る 毛細管現象 細いガラス管ほど 表面張力によって ガラス管の中の水 位は上昇する 対策として 地表排水 地下水位 低下などの排水整備法 リーチ ング 土壌表層除去などの除塩 法 アルカリ土壌の改良 ｐｈ調 整などの土壌改良法 がある しかし 健全な土壌に回復させる には 経費と時間が掛かる ３年前まで畑 塩類集積による農地の放棄 写真提供 本名俊正
4 Le (mm/day) Cu (mm/day) Pr (mm/day) Tr (mm/day) ETc Ev (mm/day) z = 0 ECi Ir (mm/day) z = L ECd D (mm/day)
4.1
72418:008212:00 72482 40cm8.2mm
4.2 (ETc) (D) (Ir) Ir = ETc + D ECmol/L Le (mm/day) Cu (mm/day) Pr (mm/day) Tr (mm/day) Ev (mm/day) z = 0 ECi ETc Ir (mm/day) = = Ir ECi = D ECd ECi : ECd : ( D )( Ir ) ( LR ) Ir = ETc / (1 - LR). (1) z = L ECd D (mm/day) Ir ECi D ECd LR = D / Ir = ECi / ECd Ir = ETc + D = ETc + Ir LR Ir - Ir LR = ETc Ir - LR = ETc Ir = ETc - LR
50% 8090% 95%
5 5.1 Le (mm/day) Cu (mm/day) Pr (mm/day) Tr (mm/day) Ev (mm/day) z = 0 z = L ECi ECd ETc Ir (mm/day) D (mm/day)
5.2 CaSO 4 2H 2 OCaCl 2 2H 2 O
5.3 20cm 1.2m (G-COEG2011Dec2
1015% ECe812dS/m
38dS/m
Phytoremediation 600ha salt tolerant shrubs ph, EceSAR Irshad, M., Inoue, M., Ashraf, M., Zahoor, A. and FaridullahThe mitigation challenge of salt affected soils in Pakistan Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment5(2)2802832007
5.4 23
(2)
6
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