No.25 22 11 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to test the following question. Does the Insolvency Law system of Japan offer an opportunity for highly motivated persons to reconstruct their bankrupt business or to start up his or her enterprise again even if they once went wrong? The method of my research is to compare Japanese Insolvency Law system with that of U.S.A. The contents of the paper are the following. Section 1 surveys and analyzes the Japanese and U.S. bankruptcy number of cases from various viewpoints. With Section 2, the focus of my research is applied to Minji-Saisei procedure, i.e. civil rehabilitation procedure, DIP finance and the amount of exemption from enforcement of the property's settlement. With Section 3, the Japanese Insolvency Law system is concluded insufficient as the system for re-challenging for motivated persons. DIP 199 9 21-1 -
8 1) 37 2) 1 2 1 22 4 DIP ) () 4) 3 1. 1996 21 11 12 13 5) 6) 1-2 -
No.25 22 11 米国全体以外の件数 25, 2, 15, 1, 5, 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 ニューヨーク州 59,92 72,685 77,579 71,145 6,2 67,537 カリフォルニア州 174,34 25,484 212,322 189,85 15,87 15,311 日本全体 6,745 76,532 111,789 129,111 146,945 17,35 米国全体 1,111,964 1,367,364 1,436,964 1,354,376 1,262,12 1,437,354 ( )U.S. COURTS. Federal Judicial Caseload Statistics, March31,21. http://www.uscourts.gov/caseload21/tables/fmar1.pdf (22.5.1 ) 8 13 米国全体の件数 1,6, 1,4, 1,2, 1,, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1996 6,745 21 17,35 8 18 1996 1,111,964 1998 1,436,964 2 1,262,12 21 1998 1,437,354 1998 2 21 1996 2 件数 1,5, 1,, 5, 1997 1998 1999 2 21 事業者新受件数全体 54,252 47,125 38,625 36,65 38,49 非事業者新受件数全体 1,313,112 1,389,839 1,315,751 1,226,37 1,398,864 事業者の全体に占める割合 4.% 3.3% 2.9% 2.9% 2.7% 割合 4.5% 4.% 3.5% 3.% 2.5% 2.% 1.5% 1.%.5%.% ( )U.S. COURTS. Federal Judicial Caseload Statistics, March31,21. http://www.uscourts.gov/caseload21(22.5.1 ) 2 3 8-3 -
5 4 2.7 1997 2 21 13.9 36,65 38,49 7 11 13 3 5 12 1986 7) 13 チャプター 7 13の件数 1,2, 1,, 8, 6, 4, 2, 図表 3 米国事業者倒産手続別件数 1997 1998 1999 2 21 チャプター 7 958,45 1,26,134 959,291 87,85 1,14,137 チャプター 13 397,97 41,151 385,262 38,88 412,272 チャプター 11 11,221 8,765 8,982 9,835 1,519 チャプター 12 966 879 811 551 379 チャプター 11,12の件数 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, ( )U.S. COURTS. Federal Judicial Caseload Statistics, March31,21 http://www.uscourts.gov/caseload21/tables/fmar1.pdf (22.5.1 ) 7 11-4 -
No.25 22 11 その他件数 1,2 1, 8 6 4 2 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 会社更生 18 31 88 37 25 47 和議 再生 244 279 361 231 74 1,11 会社整理 2 18 24 12 6 2 特別清算 172 172 249 343 352 335 破産 6,291 76,32 111,67 128,488 145,858 168,811 破産件数 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, 4, 2, ( ) http://courtdomino2.courts.go.jp/tokei_y.nsf 4 1996 6,291 21 2.8 168,811 2 4 21 1,11 1996 18 1998 4.9 88 1 1 1952 21 件 25, 倒産件数と負債総額の推移 ( 日本企業 ) 百万円 3,, 2, 15, 1, 5, 1952 1954 倒産件数負債総額 1956 1958 196 1962 1964 1966 1968 197 1972 1974 1976-5 - 1978 198 1982 1984 1986 1988 199 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 25,, 2,, 15,, 1,, 5,, ( ) ( 1 ) http://www.tsr-net.co.jp/topics/zenkoku/level_4/tousan_suii.html
1984 2,841 2 19,769 1989 1,232,296 2 23,885,35 199 2 1 2. DIP 2.1. 2 4 8) ( ) 9) (1)Debtor In Possession( ) (2)(3) (1)Debtor In Possession ( ) (DIP Debtor In Possession ) 11 ( 64 ) - 6 -
No.25 22 11 1) DIP 3 11) DIP ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 12) ( ) ( 21 1 ) - 7 -
13) (3) ( 171 4 ) 2.2 DIP ( ) DIP DIP 14) DIP ( 7) DIP 364 (a) 364 (b) 364 (c) ( ( (a) (b) ) ) 364 (d) ( ( (a) (b) (c) ) ) ( ) DIP ( No.1589 2.9.15)7-8 -
No.25 22 11 (1)DIP (DIP) 15) (2) DIP ( 119 5 ) ( 12 1 2 ) ( )( )( 7) 364 ( ) ( ) (3) 21 4 DIP 16) DIP 21 5 21 1 17) DIP 18) DIP (Performing Debt) 19) - 9 -
2) DIP 21) 2.3. 2.3.1. ( [ 452 453 454 ]) ( ) 6 3 ( 131 152 ) 131 22) 2.3.2. (22 2 19 ) 23) 21 455 4-1 -
No.25 22 11 1 42.1 5 31.4 7 5 6 58.7 3 35.6 94 3 ( 21 ) 24) 2 (2 1 26 ) 8 9 2 2 2 ( 2 ) 2 2 1 ( ) http://www.pacific-en.co.jp/karitarou/k5-6-4.html (22.9.1 ) 25) 22 3 19 26) 55 (198 ) (22 3 28 5 1 ) 5-11 -
3 27) (22 5 1 ) 28) 9 (22 19 ) 22 1 (1) 131 3 1 3 1 (2) 5 29) (22 7 11 ) 3) (1) 5 (2) ( 152 ) 21 2.3.3. (Exemptions) 522 5 36 31) 4 7 ( 9) 1 2-12 -
No.25 22 11 (522 ) 17,45 (1 12 29 4, ) 2,775 (33 3, ) 9,3 (111 6, ) 1,15 (13 8, ) 1,75 (21 ) ( ).... 5, (6 ) 75, (9 ) 65 1, (1,2 ) 55 15, 2, 1, (1,2 ) 1,9 (22 17,425 (29 1, ) 2,4 (28 8, ) 8, ) 2,775 (33 3, ) 5, (6 )( 6 1 45 (5 4, ) 5, ) 5, (6 ) 5, (6 ) 1,15 (13 8, ) 6 (7 2, ) 5, (6 ) 5, (6 ) ( 1, (12 )) 8, (96 )( 2 16, (192 )) 1,75 (21 ) 9,3 (111 6, ) - 13 -
9,3 (111 6, ) 925 (11 1, ) 8,725 (14 7, ) 925 8,725 2,5 (3 ) 5, (6 ) S&L 6 (7 2, ) 1, (12 ) 3 75 2, (24 ) 925 (11 1, ) 17,425 (29 1, ) ( )Bankruptcy. Action. com, http://www.bankruptcyaction.com/bankruptcyexemptions.htm (22.9.27 ) 2.3.4 2 (1) (2) (1) 1 1991 2 2 1,537 1991 2 3,579 1991 2,68 1992 4,835 3, 4, 2 1,235 1991 1,1 1,3 2 2,62 12.9 87.1-14 -
No.25 22 11 ( 万円 ) 6, 全企業 5, 4,835 不動産を購入しなかった企業不動産を購入した企業 4, 3, 2,68 4,33 3,856 4,62 3,15 3,491 2,868 3,676 3,579 2, 1, 1,44 1,27 1,682 1,75 1,775 1,77 1,53 1,525 1,32 1,336 1,37 1,231 1,23 1,377 1,193 1,118 1,682 1,537 1,287 1,235 ( 調査年度 ) 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2 ( ) 21 ( 21)25 1 19 11 2, 5.6 5 27.1 82.9 5 31.3 5 1, 5 1 1, 不動産を購入せず (N=1,792) 27.1 31.3 15.5 9.2 16.8 不動産を購入した (N=265) 6.4 14.7 15.5 12.8 5.6 全体 (N=2,62) 24.4 29.3 15.5 9.7 21.1 5 万円未満 5~1 万円未満 1~15 万円未満 15~2 万円未満 2 万円以上 ( ) 21 21)25 1 2 (2) 22 12-15 -
5 26 88 53 32) 13 72.3 37 33) 日本 就業していない (not work) 就業している (work) 5 5 就業している (work) 就業していない (not work) 88 12 74 被雇用者となる経営者に復帰 26 経営者に復帰被雇用者となる 53 47 1 % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % % 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 1 % ( ) 22 22)132 2 3 13 日本 アメリカ 37. はい 72.3 いいえ 63. 27.7 ( ) 22 ( 22)134 2 3 15. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. (%) - 16 -
No.25 22 11 3. 2 DIP 22 34) () () 6 ( 6) Jerry Kaplan, STARTUP: A Silicon Valley Adventure, Houghton Mifflin, 1995( ( BP 199 ( BP 199 DIP (DIP) ( 12 ) (2 [ ] ( No.55 1 199 (199 41 (( ) (NBL No.728 2 31 33 ) HP(http://www.moj.go.jp/SHINGI/index.html) 2 M&A ( 2 61 ( No.55 1 2 23 24 36 ( 2 21-17 -
DIP ( 21 No.581 2. 84 85 http://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai1/21/46taisaku.html (22.9.23 ) News Release http://www.dbj.go.jp/japanese/business/pf/index.html(22.9.2 ) (2 6 )http://www.fsa.go.jp/manual/manualj/yokin.pdf 58 (22.9.3 ) DIP 2 http://www.meti.go.jp/feedback/ 9 (22.4.3 ) 1999.11.1 14 87 [] 23 ( 199 515 (22 19 ) http://www.moj.go.jp/ (22 9 9 ) ( ) 1 131 3 21 ( ) 2 152 1 ( ) 1 21 1 5 7 21 7 7 152 1 21 http://user.parknet.co.jp/ryuichi/lawandcourt/materials/mtrl4.html (22.9.1 ) http://www.moj.go.jp/public/minji2/pub_minji2-1.html (22.9.1 ) http://www.moj.go.jp/public/minji2/pub_minji2-2.pdf (22.9.1 ) http://www.moj.go.jp/public/minji2/result_minji2.html (22.9.1 ) http://www.tokyo-cci.or.jp/kaito/ (22.9.9 ) http://www.tokyo-cci.or.jp/kaito/ (22.9.9 ) 15 (2 6 http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/sihou/kentoukai/2access.html (22.9.9 ) 257 22 ( 2 139 134 2 3 15 272 2-3-3-18 -