1.4 1.3 2.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.2 0.8 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8
R-COOH R CH -O-CO-R 2 1 CH-O-CO-R 2 R CH -O-CO-R 2 3 3. CH -O-CO-R 2 1 CH-O-CO-R2 O CH -O-P-O-X 2 - O 4. R X HO
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOH 16 0 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH 18 1 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 (CH=CH-CH 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 6 COOH CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 (CH=CH-CH 2 ) 4 (CH 2 ) 2 COOH 18 20 2 4 CH 3 CH 2 (CH=CH-CH 2 ) 3 (CH 2 ) 6 COOH CH 3 CH 2 (CH=CH-CH 2 ) 5 (CH 2 ) 2 COOH CH 3 CH 2 (CH=CH-CH 2 ) 6 CH 2 COOH 18 20 22 3 5 6
!"#$%&'()* +,-.'/01234 +,56'/7189:;<=4 >?@A6'/B1234 CDEFG6HC6'4 IJKLM/NOB19PQ4 AEFR@FC6'4 ISTLM/NOB19PQ UV(WX/4 YZ[\(]^_`ab\)*Zc(d+,-.'e4 Y>?@A6'4 Yfg9hiejklmn]^<=_dSTLop*
40 30 20 10 :DHA :EPA 0
UCP UCP UCP
TG Gs AC camp HSL PKA R Retinoids Heat FFA UCP1 PPAR mrna UCP1 CREB RXR PGC-1 PGC-1 PPAR RXR R PGC-1 T 3 R TR RXR EPA, DHA BAT
15 15 10 a 10 b 5 5 0 0 (a:p<0.05; b:p<0.01)
80 120 15 100 60 b 80 10 a mg/dl 40 mg/dl 60 40 a 5 20 20 0 0 a,b (a:p<0.05; b:p<0.01). 0
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 a DHA+EPA BAT EPA or DHA DNA PPARγ + PPARγ RXR PPRE 9-cis-Retinoic acid (Endogenous ligand for RXR) RXR Up-regulation Of UCP1 Target gene a (P<0.05)
100µM
GLUT4 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 DHA DHA (100µM) (50µM) 500 400 300 200 100 0 EPA EPA (100µM) (50µM) 1000 800 600 400 200 0 DHA DHA (100µM) (50µM) Leptin (RT-PCR) 2000 1600 1200 800 400 0 EPA EPA (100µM) (50µM)
17.0 3.0 - - 12.0 3.0 5.0 0.5 36.9+2.2 39.9+4.6 5.2+0.7 36.7+1.8 37.8+2.3 5.1+0.3
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) (mg/dl) 148.7+18.6 44.7+8.6 89.5+15.9 73.7+27.7 145.7+48.8 131.5+16.9 40.8+15.8 89.7+8.7 59.7+21.2 126.0+65.9
12 10 % 8 6 4 2 0
40 30 20 10 0
20.0-7.0 - - 15.0 5.0 7.0 - - 15.0 5.0-7.0 0.1 27.3+1.4 30.2+1.4 4.1+0.4 27.3+1.5 29.5+1.3 3.8+0.3 27.4+1.7 30.3+2.3 3.8+0.5 20.0 - - 7.0 0.1 27.3+1.7 29.0+1.6 3.8+0.4
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
150 100 a 50 0
100 80 60 40 a a 20 0
(18:2n-6; LA) 2 (18:3n-3; α-ln) 3 (18:3n-6; γ-ln) 3 (20:4n-6; AA) 4 (20:5n-3; EPA) 5 (22:6n-3; DHA) 6 1 2 2 3 4 5 1 2 2 3 4 5 CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH (RH) CH=CH-CH-CH=CH (R ) ROOH H O2, H
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 100 40 150200 60 80
[DHAEPA]
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1000 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
16:0() 16:1n-7 18:1n-9() 18:1n-7 20:5n-3() 22:6n-3() 25.8 4.6 13.2 5.1 14.4 21.6 18.0 9.5 31.2 4.4 6.7 5.8 26.3 3.1 5.3 5.1 16.1 29.2
PA PA P PA,PA PA AA P PA,AA PA OA P PA,OA PA DHA P PA,DHA PA:16:0; OA:18:1n-9; AA:20:4n-6; DHA:22:6n-3
PA PA OA PA OA OA P Ethanolamine P Ethanolamine P PA,PA PA,OA OA,OA Ethanolamine PA PA PA LA AA DHA P Ethanolamine P Ethanolamine P PA,LA PA,AA PA,DHA Ethanolamine PA:16:0; OA:18:1n-9; LA:18:2n-6; AA:20:4n-6; DHA:22:6n-3
(%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 PA,DHA PC PA,OA PA,PA PA,AA 0 25 50 75 100 (hr) (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 OA,OA PE PA,OA PA,PA 0 25 50 75 100 (hr)
(%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 PC - - : - - :+Toc. - - :Toc.+ PA,PA - - :Toc.+ PA,OA - - :Toc.+ PA,AA - - :Toc.+ PA,DHA 0 100 200 300 400 500 (hr) (%) 100 PE 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 (hr) (Toc.) 90 80 70 60 +Toc. Toc.+ PA,LA Toc.+ PA,PA Toc.+ PA,DHA Toc.+ OA,OA Toc.+ PA,AA
DHA (%) 100 80 60 40 20 0 DHA Toc.+ OA,OA +Toc. Toc.+ PA,PA 0 100 200 300 (hr) Toc.+ OA,DHA (x10 4 ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 +Toc. Toc.+ OA,OA Toc.+ OA,DHA 0 100 200 300 400 (hr) (Toc.)
CH 3 O CH 3 O O O CH 3 CH 3 n H 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 OH HO