1. 2. 3. 5.

256K DRAM LSI DRAM DRAM 80 DRAM RIE CVD 16K 64K 256K

1M DRAM DRAM No.1 DRAM NEC DRAM KrF CMP AMAT Cu Low-k 1M 4M 16M 64M

16k 64k 4M 16M 2000

2000

90 1990 28 R&D 1988 82 1987 16

R&D 1995 11) R&D 10 1995 23

Bell, IBM 3000 120 2500 Bell Labs, U.S. IBM, U.S. 2000 1500 1000 500 110 100 90 80 70 / /(10 4 ) 0 60 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

Bell, IBM / 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 IBM AT&T+ Lucent 20 15 10 5 / 10 4. 0 AT&T Bell Lucent 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

BellHRTS (Human Resource Transient Spectroscopy) 3000 70 / 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 10 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 60 50 40 30 20 43/

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 x10 x2 NTT 120 110 100 90 80 70 / /(10 4 ) NEC 0 60 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002

/ 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 NEC NTT 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2002 40 30 20 10 / 10 4.

Number of papers printed on PRB and JAP from Bell Lab. and IBM

Composition of Authors in Bell Lab. PRB papers 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 All authors belong to Bell Lab. Joint papers with first author belonging to Bell Lab.. Joint papers with first author belonging to out of Bell Lab..

Composition of Authors in IBM PRB Papers 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 P: All authors belong to IBM FA: Joint papers with first author belonging to IBM SA: Joint papers with first author belonging to out of IBM

Composition of authors in Hitachi PRB papers 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 P: All authors belong to Hitachi FA: Joint papers with first author belonging to Hitachi SA: Joint papers with first author belonging to out of Hitachi

PRB First Authors 1990Physical Review B Bell Lab.22 IBM 1988 2001Physical Review B 46 JJAP1997

Papers that PRB first authors published as the first author 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Number of basic research papers Bell-Lab. IBM Hitachi

Average Data of PRB First Authors Bell Lab. IBM Hitachi Average Active Years 13.6 12.7 8.5 Average Number of FA Basic Papers 14.9 11.9 2.52 Average Number of Patents 0.36 4.50 4.40 Active Years for One Basic Paper 0.88 1.07 3.39 Ratio of FA Application to FA Basic 0.16 0.71 0.68 Ratio of Patent to FA Basic 0.02 0.37 1.76

Bell Lab. papers as the first author and as one of the other authors 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Number of basic research papers First Author Second Author

IBM papers as the first author and as one of the other authors 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 First Author Second Author 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Number of basic research papers

Hitachi papers as the first author and as one of the other authors 20 15 10 5 First Author Second Author 0 0 5 10 15 20 Number of basic research papers

Research Tendency of Bell Lab. Researchers 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Ratio of FA Application to FA Basic Bell Authors IBM Authors Hitachi Authors

Research Tendency of IBM Researchers 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Ratio of FA application to FA Basic Bell Authors IBM Authors Hitachi Authors

Research Tendency of Hitachi Researchers 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Ratio of FA Application to FA Basic Bell Authors IBM Authors Hitachi Authors

Bell Lab. vs. IBM vs. Hitachi 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 Ratio of FA Application to FA Basic Bell Authors IBM Authors Hitachi Authors

1. BellPRB Author 2. IBM 3.

Characterization Mechanism

generality

IDM 80