E-mail: Kitayama@comm.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp
MPLS
Total U.S. Internet Traffic 100 Pbps 10 Pbps Limit of same % GDP as Voice 1 Pbps 100Tbps 10Tbps New Measurements 1Tbps 100Gbps 10Gbps Voice Crossover: August 2000 Projected at 4/Year 1Gbps 100Mbps 10Mbps 1Mbps ARPA & NSF Data to 96 2.8/Year 4/Year 100Kbps 10Kbps 1Kbps 100 bps 10 bps 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 U.S. Internet Traffic Source: Roberts et al., 2001 COPYRIGHT 2001 CASPIAN NETWORKS, INC.
Two basic types of architectures: Voice & data Arrival If not busy Arrival Buffer Busy Call loss Queuing delay=0 Cost Packet loss Queuing delay Circuit switching POTS QoS guaranteed Stream data Packet switching Internet Best effort service: Only connection guaranteed by TCP/IP Burst data
QoS must be differentiated Media Data Real-time Picture Voice Granularity Packet Burst Burst Stream Stream Latency 400ms a few sec A few 10ms Jitter 500ms a few sec A few ms Optical layer must play roles for Diffserve&Intserve! Packet loss 10-9 -11 10 10-9 -11 10 < 10-2 < 10-2 *It takes 50 [msec] across the Pacific Ocean through the optical fiber.
: QoS
Network design philosophy: Two choices Two extremes; #1 Stupid network* Abundant bandwidth ** But terminal must be intelligent #2 Active network Intelligent node under bandwidth constraint * D. S. Isenberg, The Dawn of the Stupid Network, ACM Networker 2.1, pp. 24-31, February/March 1998. **G. Gilder, Telecosm: How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World, The Free Press, New York, 2000.
Explosive increase of power consumption & size of node Power consumption&size/node (Ratio) 100 97.7 90 80 70 60 50 40 R=1@2000 30 23.2 20 10 3.1 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year S.Nojima, Fujitsu Labs. Rate of traffic increase R=1@2000 R=2 R=3 R=4
OXC switch vs. e-xc switch :Power consumption & size e-xc switch OXC switch Size 1/3 @2.5Gb/s 2 3@10Gb/s 1 @2.5Gb/s 1 @10Gb/s Power consumption >3 @2.5Gb/s >3 @10Gb/s 1 @2.5Gb/s 1 @10Gb/s S.Nojima, Fujitsu Labs.
MPLS
IP IP IP IP
パケット単位n処理 統計多重 統計多重 帯域予約不要 帯域予約不要 最小データ粒度 最小データ粒度 ストア フォワード ストア フォワード 回線交換型 回線交換型 IPルータとOXCの機能統合 IPルータとOXCの機能統合 最大データ粒度 最大データ粒度 カットスルー カットスルー 光パケットルーティングによる NW λ1 λ2 λ1 λ 3 λ3 λ2 目標領域 WDM 回線交換型 回線交換型 集中管理 集中管理 IPルータとOXCの個別運用 IPルータとOXCの個別運用 最大データ粒度 最大データ粒度 カットスルー カットスルー 波長の動的な運用 波長の固定的運用 データの粒度 (粗 細 フォトニックネットワーク技術の研究開発の展開 フォトニックラベルスイッチ ルータによる NW (光ストリーム 光バースト WDM OXCに基づくNW ＷＤＭリンク ＷＤＭリンク 高ビットレート化 高ビットレート化 超多波長 超高密度化 超多波長 超高密度化 トランスペアレンシー拡大 トランスペアレンシー拡大 OADM : Ootical Add/Drop Multiplexer OXC : Optical Cross-connect p-to-p WDM 伝送 2001 2002.3.27 北山 WDMリングNW OADM 2005 2002年電子情報通信学会総合大会チュートリアル 2010 Osaka Univ Univ..
DWDM OC-3/12 (156M/622Mb/s) 10/100 M Ethernet IX IX: Internet exchange
Generic architecture of packet switch λ-demux Buffer λ-mux λ-mux
Osaka Osaka Univ Univ. 2002.3.27
In Label Out Label λ10 λ4 In Label Out Label In Label Out Label λ4 133.1.12.4 133.1.12.14 λ10 λ10 λ4 Core PLSR 133.1.12.14 133.1.12.14 Ingress PLSR Egress PLSR
MPLS
Photonic MPLS vs. Photonic packet switching Photonic MPLS network Cut-through LSP setup decoupled with forwarding Available hardware technology Circuit switching Scarcity of λ resource Flow aggregation not feasible Bottleneck at ingress nodes vs. Photonic packet switching Finest granularity Statistical multiplexing: Better BW utilization Slow e-header processing Photonic RAM not available Buffer scheduling required M. Murata and K. Kitayama, IEEE Network Magazine., vol.15, pp.56-63, July/Aug. 2001.
Optical burst switching Optical path must be set up immediately after a burst data arrives at the edge node! Sender LAN LAN Edge network Edge router Core network Burst data LAN Optical burst switch Receiver LAN
Photonic burst switching OB data IP router OXC switch λ Ingress router Offset time Reservation λ λ Egress router Transmission λ λ λ Release λ λ λ
Challenges of photonic burst switchings Resource reservation protocol (RSVP) Overcoming the round-trip time delay for path setting Contention resolution of optical control packet High-speed processings for optical control packet Overhead time must be much shorter than the burst-length Burst assembly A potential bottleneck
MPLS
Target performance of photonic packet router Performance Processing capability Throughput Number of address entries Target 1 100 [Gpps] 10M* 100 [Mpps] 100Tb/s 1P/s 10Gb/s 1k 10k 10k 100k Current electronic router *Hitachi GR2000 has the processing capability of 4[Mpps].
Photonic label space Number of addresses Table lookup Disadvantages Wavelength 1000 Simple Optical filter Not large enough Flow merge impossible Subcarrier (m-wave) 100 Milimeter-wave filter Not fast enough < 40Gb/s Optical codes Abundant Ultra-fast Passive device Optical encoder/correlator Impairments in propagation
Optical encoder/decoder Intensity [a.u.] 1 Pulse train @10GHz 100[ps] 2.0 [ps] 5ps Variable tap 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Time [ps] Auto-correlation #1 #8 Optical phase shifter Intensity [a.u.] 1.0 0.5 0.0 8-chip bipolar code 5ps 2ps -40-20 0 20 40 Time [ps] Combiner Cross-correlation Planar lightwave circuit Processing done at the speed of light Optical correlation using a passive device No logic operation Correlation based on matched filtering 2002.3.27 K. Kitayama et al., J. Lightwave Technol., Dec.,2000.
Parallel photonic label processing based upon optical code correlation Parallel photonic label processing Power-split as many copies as the count of label entries Optical correlations between the copies and label entries in parallel Input Replicas Address entries Output #1 Duplication t x10 4... t Correlation x t... t t t Auto-correlation t # 10 4 Cross-correlation t t t
Architecture of photonic packet router for asynchronous variable-length packet Optical Switching Unit Optical Scheduling Unit Optical Buffering Unit Scheduler S 1 Scheduler S 1 - λ W I 1 λ-demux λ W λ W Header Photonic label processor Photonic label processor Optical Optical SW1 SW Optical Optical SW1 Header Time sequencer λ W 1 λ W OC Encoder/ OC Decoder Encoder/ Decoder λ λ 1 λ W τ0 τ1 τ2 b 1W τ0 τ1 τ2 b 11 λ W λ-mux - λ W O 1 Scheduler S 2 Scheduler S 2 - λ W I 2 λ-demux λ W λ W λ Photonic label 1 processor Photonic label processor Optical Optical SW1 SW Optical Optical SW1 Header Header Time sequencer λ W λ W OC Encoder/ OC Decoder Encoder/ Decoder λ λ 1 1 λ W τ0 τ1 τ2 b 1W τ0 τ1 τ2 b 11 λ W λ-mux - λ W O 2
0 π π 0 0 π 0 t 0 T 0 T t t K. Kitayama, Seminar @Univ. Southanmpton (2000.9.14)
Dynamically reconfigurable OCDMA en/decoder 5x2[mm]x5[ps/mm] =50[ps] 50[ps]x7=350[ps] 2002.3.27 M.R.Mokhtar et al, OFC2002, ThGG54 (Anaheim, March 2002)
WDM fiber delay line (FDL) Single-λ FDL Packet 1 FDL1 Packet 2 FDL2 Single-λ FDL WDM FDL with λ converters 1 l-conv λ N l-conv λ N WDM FDL A. Ge, L. Tancevski, G. Castanon, L.S. Tamil, Proceedings of OptiComm 2000: Optical Networking and Communications, pp.247-256, 2000.
Photonic memory? T N n v Vg =L/ Delay =229/7=33[µm/µs] Vg=c/10 7 Vg =17[m/s] n 2 =1.8x10-5 [m 2 /W] vs. 2.7x10-20 [m 2 /W] of optical fiber L. V.Hau et al., NATUR, Vol.397, Feb. 1999 Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas 2002.3.27
Optical packet synchronizer 16[ns]x8x8 steps =1024[ns] 2002.3.27 T. Sakamoto et al, OFC2002, ThGG106 (Anaheim, March 2002)
Optical packet synchronizer Time-slotted Packet format
1. 2. 2-1. IT 2-2. 2-3. EC 3. 3-1. IP NTT 3-2. IP NEC 3-3. 3-4. 3-5. Key ACCESS 4. 4-1. & ( ) 4-2. NEC 5.
Osaka Osaka Univ Univ. 2002.3.27
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