0 100 200 km KAZAKSTAN Aral Sea KAZAKSTAN 0 100 200 Sariqamish Kuli Nukus Caspian Sea TURKMENISTAN Urganch Bukhoro Nawoiy Samarqand Qarshi TASHKENT Andijon Farghoria TAJIKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN Fergana Valley CHINA IRAN Termiz AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN

Volga Oral RUSSIA Aqtobe Irlysh Petropavl Qostanay ASTANA Qaraghandy Pavlodar Erlis Semey (Somipalatinsk) Ob' Öskemen RUSSIA AZERBAIJAN Caspian Sea Atyraŭ Aqtaŭ Aral Sea UZBEKISTAN Baykonur Cosmodrome Leninsk (Tyuraiam) Qyzylorda Zhambyl Shymkent Lake Balkhash Almaty KYRGYZSTAN CHINA TURKMENISTAN 0 125 0 250 km 125 250

KAZAKSTAN Talas BISHKEK Tokmok Batykchy (Ysyk-Köl) (Rybach'ye) Ysyk-Köl Karakol (Przheval'sk) UZBEKISTAN Fergana Valley Jalal-Abad T i e n Naryn S h a n Osh Isfara valley Kyzyl-Kyya Sary-Tash CHINA TAJIKISTAN 0 50 100 km 0 50 100 ml

Average transition indicator scores 4 Hungary 3.5 Poland/ Czech Rep. Estonia Slovak Rep. Slovenia Latvia/Lithuania 3 Croatia Bulgaria Romania Georgia FYR Macedonia/Moldova Armenia Albania 2.5 Russia Ukraine Azerbaijan 2 Tajikistan 1.5 Belarus Turkmenistan 0 Central and Baltic South-eastern Central Caucasus Central Eastern Europe States Europe CIS Asia

% 15 10 5 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998-5 -10-15 -20-25 ウズベキスタン カザフスタン キルギス