http://www.lit.kobe-u.ac.jp/~yomatsum/kakikooza.html http://www.lit.kobe-u.ac.jp/~yomatsum/kakikooza5.ppt
motivated convention
motivated convention
motivated convention he/she/it vs. they
Langacker 1987: 99)
2. 2.1 ( L o c a t i n g P a t h Expressions) cf. Access Path Expressions (Matsumoto 1996c, Talmy 1996, 2000) (1) a. There is a tower across the river. b. [pro ]
(2) a. There is a big house {through the forest /across the river/over the hill/past the post office/down the street/up the slope/around the corner/beyond the hill}. b. { }
(3) resultative interpretation (Leech 1969, Dewell 1994) a. The horse is over the fence! Taylor 1993: 166 b. Actors are already onto the stage T a y l o r 1993: 166 c. The prisoner is already to the fence. Langacker 1986: 467
(4) a. The train is {already/almost} through the tunnel now. b. *The telephone booth is {already /almost} through the tunnel.
image-schema transformation (end-point focus) (Brugman 1983, Lakoff 1987, Taylor 1993) subjective/fictive motion (Langacker 1990, 1999, Talmy 1996, 2000, Matsumoto 1996c; cf. Bennett 1975, Leech 1969, Lindkvist 1979)
over 1 Sam jumped over the fence.
over 2 Sam is now over the hill.
Three types of locating: reaching, looking, moving the fictively moving entity can often be imagined as being a person, some body part of a person, or the focus of one s attention, depending on the particular sentence (Talmy 2000: 137)
2.2 (Matsumoto 1996b) (5) There is a lake {halfway / twenty miles} across the desert from here.
(6) a. The city lies many hours across the desert from here. b. How {far / *long} across the desert does the city lie? c. The village is {a few miles / *a few minutes} behind the mountain.
(7) a. The village is on the other side of the valley. b. *The village is over the valley from us. (Bennett 1968, Brugman 1983) (8) a. He is standing {behind / on the other side of} the bus. b. *He is standing {over / across} the bus. (Bennett 1968) OK/*They city is through the mountain from here.
(10) a. There is a public walkway through the window. b. The voice is coming from over the bus. There is a mistake halfway down the page. There is a star halfway up the sky.
(11) (12) post-terminative aspect ( 1996) a. b.
(13) a. b.
2.2. endpoint (14) a. He walked {across the park / through the wood / past the building / around the corner / over the bridge / out of the garden} in a few minutes. b. The bus stop is {across the park / through the wood / past the building / around the corner / over the bridge}.
(15) a. { } b. { }
(16) a.?? b. There is a post office {past/*by} the shopping arcade. (in the intended reading) (17) a.?? b. We walked {past/*by} the shopping arcade in just two minutes.
(18) a. There s a restaurant {down the street / up the hill/ toward(s) the end of this road} (from here) b.
(19) a. *The station is from here. b. The station is five minutes from here. (20) a. * b. 5
(Herskovits 1997, 1997) (21) a. *There is a tower to the station. b. *There is a tower onto the hill. c. *There is a tower into the forest. (22) a. There is a tall tower at the station. b. There is a tower on the hill. c. There is a tower in the forest. (23) a. There is a tower to our right. b. There is a tall tower halfway into the increasingly dense forest of oaks.
(24) a. * b. * c. (25) a. b.
(26) a. The hotel is 15 minutes down the road {by car / on foot / at that speed}. b. *The hotel is down the road {by car / on foot / at that speed}. c. The hotel is 15 minutes down the road. (27) a. The hotel is a 15-minute {fast / slow} drive down the road. b. The hotel is a 15-minute {??careful / *careless} drive down the road.
(28) a. 15 b.???? * (29) *
(30) a. * b. * OK The hotel is a mile s walk from the station.
3.3. (31) a. b. c.
(32) a. 10 b. 10 c. d.
(33) a. b.
Into <OBJ> SUBJ, OBJ ground figure ground
(34) a. Bill walked into the house. b. Mary threw the ball into the house. c. Susan shouted into the microphone.
(35) a. across the river --> b. -->
(36) a. through the glass window b. * (37) a. halfway up the sky b. *
(38) a. b.
/ (cf. 1994: 310, 405) (39) a. b. c. (40) a. b