4) Kaempel, E.(1727): History of Japan, London 7) Broughton, W. R.(1804): A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean in the years 1795, 1796 8) von Kruzenshtern, A. J (1812): Reise urn die

Broughton, W. R.(1804): A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean. London, 393 p. Cornwallis, K.(1859): Two Journeys to Japan 1856-57, London, Harley, J. B. and D. Woodward (ed,)(1994): Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societieties. The History of Cartography, Vol.2, Book 2, Chicago, 970 p. Milet-Mureau,. M. L. A.(ed.)(1797): Voyage de la Perouse autour du monde, 4 vol, Paris. Satow, E.(1874) The Geography of Japan. Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. From 30th Oct., 1872. to 9th Oct., 1873. p.30-51. von Krusenstern, um die Welt in den Jahren A. J.(1810-1812 and 1814): Reise 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806. 3vols and Atlas, St. Petersburg, 343 p. Process of the Denomination, Acceptance, and Fixation of the Sea Name "J apan Sea or Sea of Japan (Nihonkai)" in the World and in Japan by Masataka Yaji For the sea between the Korean Peninsular, Tartary Land, and the Japanese Archipelago, the name "Nihonkai" was first used in the third edition of Matteo Ricci's World Map, 1602. This map had great influence in East Asia, but "Nihonkai" for the name of the sea was not accepted any where. Among the existing maps in Europe, the first map which used the name Japan Sea is the Map of Japan by Christophoros Blancus, 1617. On Bernardino Ginnaro's map of Japan, 1641,"OCEA NO BOREAL" was given for the Japan Sea; also on the map of Japan by Sir Robert Dudley, 1646, the term "OCEANO BORIALE DEL GAPPONE" was given for the Japan Sea. This North Sea term may have been introduced from the Japanese usage of "Hokkai" for the Japan Sea.. The term "J apan Sea" was not generally accepted until the end of the 18th century, because the northen area of the Japan Sea was not known. In 1797 when Jean-Nicolas Buache edited the Atlas of the World Voyage of Laperouse, he used "MER DU JAPON" f or the Japan Sea, and then this term "Sea of Japan" was adopted in the chart of the Pacific Ocean of A. Arrowsmith, 1798. The shape of the Japan Sea became clear through the expeditions of Laperouse in 1787, W. R. Broughton in 1798, and A. J. Krusenstern in 1805. The name Sea of Japan has been completely fixed in the Western World since then.

In Japanese culture, usually most seas remained unnamed and any given sea was reffered only as "umi"which means sea. In the Chinese culture, the terms North, East, South and West sea are frequently used as these also are in Korea and Japan. In the 8th century Izumo Hudoki, the term North Sea was sometimes used for the Japan Sea.. In the beginning of the 17th century,"foccai (north sea)" was an entry in the Japanese- Portugese Dictionary, just like east sea, south sea and west sea. These terms appeared often in books until the beginning of the 20th century, but very seldom in Japanese maps. The first specific name given to the Japan Sea in Japanese map is "Nippon Naikai (Japan Inland Sea)." This term appeared on Shiba Kokan's Chikyu Zenzu, 1792. In 1802,"Nihonkai" is used on the maps of the unpublished book of Yamamura Saisuke, Teisei Zouyaku Sairan Igen and in the published smaller version of M. Ricci's World Map by Inagaki Sisen. Takahashi Kageyasu published two maps by the order of the Tokugawa Government. In his Nippon Henkai Ryakuzu, 1810,"Chosen 1809, and in his Shintei Bankoku Zenzu, Kai (Korean Sea)" was introduced in the west side of Japan Sea and in the latter map "D ai Nihonkai (Great Japan Sea)" was used for the Japanese side of the Pacific Ocean. General use of "Nihonkai" Japanese of the Tokugawa for the Japan Sea on maps began only in the 1860's at the end era and in the Meiji Restoration with the broad introduction of Western Civilization. In text books of the Japanese geography and in general books the usage of the term "Nih onkai" is mixed with the use of "Hokkai" or simply "umi" giving no specific name of the sea. Fixed use of "Nihonkai" in Japan was established after the beginning of the construction of the Siberian Rail Road in the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century. It was more than 30 years later than the genral usage of "Nihonkai" on Japanese maps and about 100 years later than the general acceptance Sea" in the Western World. of "Japan