No.6, 138-149 (2005) A Study of Ivan Illich s Criticism on "Needs" A Consideration on the Advocacy of "Reconstruction of Conviviality" KATAOKA Kimihiro Nihon University, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies Ivan Illich1926-2002 distinguished "Needs" from "Necessity". And then Illich criticized "Needs" as follows: "Needs" have become the worldwide foundation of common social certainties that relegate inherited cultural and religious assumptions about human limitation to the realm of so-called personal values; as a result, from being part and parcel of the human condition, "Necessity" was turned into an enemy or an evil. That is, it can be inferred that Illich proposed the reconstruction of "Conviviality" by a theory of art, which was based on essentialism, on the assumption that the human phenomenon has be defined by the art of suffering "Necessity". In this present paper, in order to confirm the above-mentioned theoretical inference, it was shown that Illich's criticism on Needs was exactly the ground on which to form a value consciousness of "Conviviality".
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