PCR γ Bacillus subtilis natto Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis 168 γ Insertion sequence γ L D α γ Bacillus Bacillus subtilis Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus anthracis Bacillus megaterium Umamiγ
γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ Cap- BCA γ γ comqxpa γ ComX ComX ComP ComP ComP Pi Pi ComA ComA Pi Two component system ComQ ComX ComX DNA
γ γ γ ComP ComA comqxpa ComP
comqxpa γ ComA γ capbca pgsbca ywscywtab γ ComP ComA capbca cap- BCA γ ComA CapBCA γ comqxpa degs degu degq yvzd/swra degq degq ComX ComQ Bacillus subtilis comx comp N ComX ComX ComX ComX ComX γ γ γ
γ capbca pgsbca ywscywtab γ mucoid CapB CapC CapA CapB CapB CapB CapB CapB ADP forming MurD and folyl gamma glutamate ligase family ATP L L D D Mn D CapA CapC CapC γ porecapbca B C A Bacillus anthracis γ D B. anthracis CapBCA T Candela CapD GGT YwrD
cap γ B. subtilis B. licheniformis cap CapD B. anthracis ywtd cap B. subtilis B. licheniformis γ YwtD γ B. anthracis γ D B. anthracis cap γ Ashiuchi L γ Natrilba aegyptiaca γ B. licheniformis Troy ATP transamidation B. anthracis CapD γ
Bacillus subtilis γ CapB D D MurD γ γ γ gamma glutamyltransferase GGT γ γ γ GTP γ GTP GGT γ GGT γ N D L GGT γ glutamyl p nitoroanilide Km µm GGT µm µm GGT γ
γ mg ml µm GGT γ Km µm µm γ YwrD GGT GGT γ MDa MDa YwrD YwrD γ YwrD GGT γ γ GGT YwrD GGT MDa YwrD γ GGT YwrD γ MDa γ complementation test
γ polar effectsggt YwrD γ γ GGT γ γ GGT GGT YwrD γ L L D
D L D race yrpc
RacE YrpC γ γ GGT YwrDGGT YwrD γ MDa GGT MDa γ GGT YwrD GGT γ γ γ D DD D D D γ γ γ ΦNIT γ PghP PghP γ γ PghP Poly gamma glutamate hydrolase PPghP PghP γ Ackermann PghP PghP
γ PghP γ γ PghP γ Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis natto generally accepted as safe Bacillus sub-
tilis Tran Phan Lam-Son γ γ Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis natto Quorum DNA DNA
N N β K mol LKm IS L D D L D L -L -D L-L-D -L -L-L Kimura, K. and Itoh, Y. Characterization of poly γ glutamate hydrolase encoded by a bacteriophage genome: possible role in phage infection of Bacillus subtilis encapsulated with poly γ glutamate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 2491 2497 (2003). Nagai, T., Koguchi, K., and Itoh, Y., Chemical analysis of poly γ glutamic acid produced by plasmid free Bacillus subtilis (natto): evidence that plas-
mids are not involved in poly γ glutamic acid production. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 43, 139 143 (1997). Tran, L. S. P., Nagai, T., and Itoh, Y., Divergent structure of the Com- QXPA quorum sensing components: molecular basis of strain specific communication mechanism in Bacillus subtilis. Mol. Microbiol., 37, 1159 1171 (2000). Stanley, N. R. and Lazazzera, B. A., Defining the geneticdifferences between wild and domestic strains of Bacillus subtilis that affect poly γ DL glutamic acid production and biofilm formation. Mol. Microbiol., 57, 1143 1158 (2005). Urushibata, Y., Tokuyama, S., and Tahara, Y., Characterization of the Bacillus subtilis ywsc gene, involved in γ polyglutamic acid production. J. Bacteriol., 184, 337 343 (2002). Kimura,K.,Tran,L. S. P., and Itoh, Y., Roles and regulation of the glutamate racemase isogenes, race and yrpc, in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology, 150, 2911 2920 (2004). Candela, T. and Fouet, A., Bacillus anthracis CapD, belonging to the γ glutamyltranspeptidase family, is required for the covalent anchoring of capsule to peptidoglycan. Mol. Microbiol., 57, 717 726 (2005). Troy, F. A. Chemistry and biosynthesis of the poly(γ D glutamyl)capsule in Bacillus licheniformis. I. Properties of the membrane mediated biosynthetic reaction. J. Biol. Chem., 248, 305 315 (1973). Kimura,K.,Tran,L. S. P., Uchida, I., and Itoh, Y., Characterization of Bacillus subtilis γ glutamyltransferase and its involvement in the degradation of capsule poly γ glutamate. Microbiology, 150, 4115 4123 (2004). γ γ Kimura, K., Inatsu, Y., and Itoh, Y., Frequency of the insertion sequence IS4Bsu1 amongbacillus subtilis strains isolated from fermented soybean foods in southeast Asia. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 66, 1994 1996 (2002).