204 singularity 2 BITCOIN 204228 490 46 3 4 5 X Y 6
X Z Y に X Y Y 7 8 30cm3m 3000 9 そ の プ リ ペ イ ド 0 48 2 2
3 2009Nakamoto P2P 4 A D, B E P2P THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF JAPAN WKHRSHQXQLYHUVLWBRIMDSDQ 5 6 U 7 OK 8 3
?? 32 bits 5 Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) SHA- 60 80 SHA-2256 9 20 2 "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" 2fd4ec6 7a2d28fc ed849ee bb76e739 b93eb2 (60) : L9ThxnotKPzthJ7hu3bnORuT6xI= "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy cog" de9f2c7f d25eb3a fad3e85a 0bd7d9b 00db4b3 : 3p8sf9JeGzr60+haC9F9mxANtLM= 2 P2P X Peer to PeerP2P D DA Y A D X AD 22 P2P Napstar9920002003 DRMDigital Right Management Winny2002 PCAntinny Skype2003 CPUSkype 23 P2P P2P 24 4
25 AB000 000AB 000 AB000 A B 26 XYa YZ Y X X [a] Y Y Y 2 Z Y Y [b] Z Z X Y Z a b Y Y 27 2 nonce 28 2 nonce nonce ( nonce OK 70256 0 2 29 30 5
2 nonce nonce 25BTC A000 AB000 AC000 000 A2000 000?? 50BTC24 0.0000000BTC 240200BTC 3 A000 AB000 AC000 A000 32?? 33 50 40 34 35 36 6
MB 25,000 22,500 20,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0,000 2047 329,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0 Jan 09 Jan 0 Jan Jan 2 Jan 3 Jan 4 Jul 4 204 6,929,999 204 6,929,999 37 38 P2P https://blockchain.info P2P 39 40 etwingsbtcboxquoine BitstampBTC-eKraken bitflyerpay ATM 2009 0 2033 2009 EU 0200 2032 200 4 42 7
IRS 204/3/25 203/2 (203/7) 204/ 2204/ Expedia(204/6) 204/7)(204/2) 204/3/7 43 44 45 ---- 46 47 48 8
(950) 204 ELIZA (964) Watson IBM 2009 20 80TFLOPS70GB NII 203 20345.20447.3 997 996232 2997523 Deep Blue (IBM) 989 32 52 2 49 50 80 995 2005 2007 2008 2008 204 205 5 96938 990 993 2006 2007 2008 20 203 52 24842 222324 X,Y XXXY X098Y78 X Y 2DNA A, T, G, C AT, GC 3 460 2 4 70 53 54 9
3 98499 200020034 2 7 55 : XXXAGCATGCTGCAG TCATGCTTAGGCTAXXXX 2 : TTAGGCTAXXXX XXXAGCATGCTGCAGTCATGC : XXXAGCATGCTGCAGTCATGCTTAGGCTAXXXX 56 - - (Derek J. de Solla Price, 922-983) (665-850) 2(950 959 (963) 000 57 58 Gordon E. Moore 926 957 968 975 82 2.5 6 5 0. 8 0 0.6 4 20 032.3 2 0.5 3.0 4.5 6 59 Intel 4004 (97) CPU4 2,300 750kHz 0.06MIPS(60,000/ 8008, 8080 Intel 8086 (978) 6 29,000 0MHz 0.75MIPS(750,000/ 8086, 80286 60 0
( IC Intel 80386 (985) 32 275,000 32MHz MIPS(,000,000/ 80486 Intel Pentium (993) 64 3,200,000 200MHz 200MIPS(200,000,000/ P-Pro, P-2, Celeron, P3, P4 6,000,000,000 00,000,000 0,000,000,000,000 00,000 0,000 8080 Pentium MC68020 80286 8086 MC68000 SPARC T4 Ivy Bridge AMD K8 Core i 7 Core 2 Quad Athlon Core Duo Pentium AMD K6 Pentium 4 8008,000 4004 970 980 990 2000 200 2020 62 CPS/$,000 00,000,000 Pentium II PC Pentium PC 0,000,000 Pentium PC 0GHz GHz,000,000 00,000 Compaq Deskpro 386 IBM PC Apple Macintosh Apple II 00MHz 0,000,000 DEC PDP-8 Cray Data General Nova 0MHz MHz 980 990 2000 200 63 00 0 CDC 6600 DEC PDP- IBM 360 Model 75 Univac III IBM 70 ENIAC EDSAC IBM 704 Univac I 950 960 970 980 990 2000 Year 64 ( ( 65 60700 7000 2 80000000 66
2008IBM 0000 in by 4 256 203000 6600 67 68 8600. 0 5 0 0 0 25!? 69 70-2 0 6 ~0 9 / 0 26 / -3 2045 7 72 2
- enhanced 2008 Google, Cisco, Nokia 2008IBM 0000 in by 203000 203EU 73 74 75 76 97. 4004 2,300 4 0.75 0 0.06 974.4 8080 4,500 8 2 6 0.64 978.7 8086 29,000 6 0 3 0.75 982.3 80286 34,000 6 6.5 2.66 989.4 80486,200,000 32 50 800 40 993.3 Pentium 3,200,000 32 200 350 20 997.5 P-II 7,500,000 32 450 250 466 999.2 P-III 44,000,000 32 400 80 000 2002.0 P-IV 55,000,000 32 2800 30 2004.0 P-IV Pres 2,000,000 90 2006.0 P-IV Ced 84,000,000 65 77 2006.0 Core2Duo 29,000,000 65 2007.0 Core2Duo2 4,000,000 45 2008.0 Core i7(q) 73,000,000 45 200.0 Core i7(x6),70,000,000 32 20.0 Core i7(x6) 2,270,000,000 32 202.0 Itanium(x8) 3,00,000,000 32 204.0 Xeon(x5) 4,30,000,000 22 78 3