62 NHK 63 1.2 80 2000 1) 80 (, 1985) (, 1988-1989) 60 70 1.3 1961 (, 1961-1962) 81 2009 (, 2009-2010) 49 NHK 2 ( 2009) 1) 1 14 (, 1974-1975) 2) 90 (,

NHK 61 NHK 1 1961 NHK 80 (, 1983-1984) 1961 1974 1966 (, 1966-1967) 1.1 (1975) (1985) (1976) (1983) (1999) (2006) 1 80 2000

62 NHK 63 1.2 80 2000 1) 80 (, 1985) (, 1988-1989) 60 70 1.3 1961 (, 1961-1962) 81 2009 (, 2009-2010) 49 NHK 2 ( 2009) 1) 1 14 (, 1974-1975) 2) 90 (, 1996-1997) 3) 2000 (, 2001) 21 80 2) 15 (, 1975) 41 50 3) 42 (, 1989) 61 (, 1999-2000) 4) 62 (, 2000) 4 1 1961 1974 40% 1975 1988 1989 42 35% 30% 25% 2000 2009 2 3

64 NHK 65 1966 2 2.1 1961 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 [dots added]...... 8 40 4 4 4 4 4 [dots added]...... NHK ( ) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 [dots added] (, 1961, p. 5) NHK 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 [dots added] ( TV40, 1994, p. 9) 60 1960 2.2 (, 1987;, 1996;, 1998) home drama 2 1950 2 3 (1996, p. 356) (1996, p. 96) 1920 (, 1996, p. 165) (1996) (p. 169) (1978, p. 188) (, 1996, p. 169-175)

66 NHK 67 Table 1-1 2.3 1960 1963 (, 1976, p. 80) 3 Table 1-1 14 [1] [2] Figure. 1 Figure 2 Table 1-1 1-2 Appendix Table Table 1-1 Table 1-34 Appendix TV 5 6 Note 1. 1962 1974. Note 2.. Note 3. 1 6 35 59 63 64 67 73 75 77 79 105 188 226 237 246 271 295 297 304 20 NHK Note 4. [2]

68 NHK 69 [1] 1961 1965 1966 45.8% 1966 45% 1971 45% [2] TV Figure 2 1965 1966 53 1971 (, 1971-1972) 54 1966 1966 1966 1966 Figure 1. Figure 2.

70 NHK 71 [3] NHK 7 NHK DVD VHS 1966 VHS 1974 Table 1-2 [4] Table 1-2 1965 (, 1965-1966) [5] 1966 [6] [7] 2 [4] [7] Note 1. [7]. Note 2.. Note 3. Table 1-2 NHK 2 3.1 (1961 1965 ) 2 1959 ( &, 1958-1963) 1961 3 (, 1961) (, 1962, p. 53-57) (, 1962;, 1976) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (, 1976, p. 85) ( TV, 1968a, p. 42)... (, 1976, p. 85) (, 1976, p. 78)

72 NHK 73 NHK (, 1961, p. 5) 80 90 1966 (1) NHK 1962 (2) (, 1976, p. 88) 3.2 (1966 ) NHK 8 15 8 15 (, 1967, p. 24-28) 66 3.2.1 TV 1) 8 (1) NHK [ 4 ] (1966, p. 7-10) (2) [ ] (1966, p. 92) (3) (1966, p. 12) (4) (1966, p. 14) (5) (1966, p. 3-5 [ ]) (6) (1966, p. 12) (7) (1966, p. 26) (8) (1966, p. 32-35) (9) (1966, p. 3-5 [ 3 ]) (10) (1966, p. 28-32) (11) (1966, p. 24-27) (12) 1 (1966, p. 28) (13) 66 (1966, p. 26-28) (14) (1967, p. 3-9) (15) (1967, p. 24-28) (16) (1967, p. 34-38)

74 NHK 75 2) (1) (1966a, cover page) (2) (1966b, cover page) (3) (1967a, cover page) (4) (1967b, cover page) 3) (1) (1966, p. 112) (2) (1966, p. 104) (3) (1967, p. 104) 4) (1) 50%... 4 4 4 (, 1966, p. 3-5) (2) : 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 [sic] 4 4 4 4 (1966, p. 26-28) (3) : (, 1966, p. 35) 2 1 4) (1)... 4) (2) 1) (15) 8 15 8 15 1 4) (1) 50% 1) (6) 1) (13) 66 3.2.2 3.2.2 VHS 1 00:06:10 00:07:00 1 18 2 3 2 00:14:15

76 NHK 77 3 00:57:25 4 00:59:00 5 01:16:00 6 00:24:15......

78 NHK 79 7 00:41:40... 8 00:46:20 9 00:45:00 10 00:46:01...... 11 01:00:04

80 NHK 81 12 01:06:52... 10 11 12 60 (, 1976, p. 88) 1966 (1966) (1976) 66 (1) (2) 1 2 5 3 5 6 7 8 9 1 Table 1-3

82 NHK 83 3.3 (1976) Table 1-3 [8] [9] 2 (1976, p. 86) 2 66 1961 1974 7 7 Table 1-3 1961 1964 1966 1967 3 1968 2 3.2 62 (, 1962-1963) 63 (, 1963-1964) 62 TV NHK... ( TV, 1962b, p. 26) ( TV, 1962c, p. 41-43) 63 ( TV, 1963a, p. 43)( TV, 1962a, p. 20) ( TV, 1963b, p. 21) 3.4 Table 1-3 [10] [11] 1966 2 1 (2003) 60 (, 2003, p. 30) Table 1-3 1966 1970 (, 1970-1971) 1972 (, 1972-1973) 2.2 Table1-3 2 1968 (, 1968-1969) ( TV, 1968b, June-July) 1972 18

84 NHK 85 1973 (, 1973-1974) (1990) 60 70 TBS (, 1990, p. 49) 80 90 1985 1988 1996 60 70 1966 [1] [11] (1) 1966 (2) (3) (4) (5) 1966 4 3.2 1961 4.1 1961 (, 1961, p. 5) 1966 (1994, p. 42-43) (1996) (, 2002, p. 90) (, 2002, p. 28-30)

86 NHK 87 1955 NHK 1953 2 8 60 1953 500 0.1% 1955 1 6600 1960 68 6000 61 50% (, 2007, p. 28) 1955 1965 60 55 1955 1956 1959 14.6% 1966 1970 (1994) (1994, p. 22-26) 19 1975 M 9 M (1946 50 ) M 60 70 1961 1965 1966 4.1 80 4.2

88 NHK 89 References. &. (Eds.). (2005). 4. :.. (2007).. In (Ed.), (pp. 7-46). :.. (2004). 21 (3rd ed.). :. (First edition published 1994). (Writer). (1966-1967). 5 [VHS video cassettes summarizing an entire serial TV drama]. : NHK. (2001). (Writer). (1966-1967). 5 [VHS video cassettes summarizing an entire serial TV drama]. : NHK. (2001). (1961, April 3). (Tokyo morning ed.), p. 5. Retrieved January 15, 2010, from.. (2009). NHK. Unpublished master s thesis,,,.. (n.d.).. Retrieved January 15, 2010, from http://www.ipss.go.jp/syoushika/site-ad/index-tj.htm. (2009, January 27). 2009. (evening ed.), p. 12.. (1996).. :.. (1996).. :.. (2009).. In CM Vol.2 No.2 (pp. 2-3, pp. 36-40). :. TV40. (1994, January 10). (Tokyo evening ed.), p. 9. Retrieved January 15, 2010, from.., &. (Eds.). (2006). 2006. :.. (1987).. :.. (1990).., 41(1/2/3), 41-59.. (1998).. :.. (1976). NHK. NHK. 21, 79-94.. (2003).., 43, pp. 27-32.. (2009).. :.. (1975, October).., 25, 10-29.. (1978).. :.. (2002).. :.. (2009, January 27). (Osaka evening ed.), p. 12. Retrieved January 15, 2010, from.. (2006).., 11, 216-241. TV TV. (1962a, March 15). :. TV. (1962b, August 11). :. TV. (1962c, October 20). :. TV. (1963a, March 30). :. TV. (1963b, October 25). :. TV. (1966a, September 9). :. TV. (1966b, November 11). :. TV. (1967a, February 3). :. TV. (1967b, March 31). :. TV. (1968a, January 19). :. TV. (1968b, June-July). :.. (1967, February 3). TV, p. 3-9.. (1967, February 3). TV, p. 24-28.

90 NHK 91 66. (1966, December 16). TV, p. 26-28.. (1966, July 29). TV, p. 26. [ ]. (1966, August 12). TV, p. 104.. (1966, July 15). TV, p. 12. [ ]. (1966, August 5). TV, p. 112. [ ]. (1967, April 14). TV, p. 104. [ 3 ]. (1966, September 9). TV, p. 3-5.. (1966, July 1). TV, p. 3-5.. (1966, September 2). TV, p. 32-35.. (1966, November 18). TV, p. 24-27.. (1966, May 6). TV, p. 12. 1. (1966, November 25). TV, p. 28.. (1966, May 13). TV, p. 14.. (1967, March 31). TV, p. 34-38.. (1966, December 16). TV, p. 26-28.. (1966, April 4). TV, p. 92.. (1966, October 21). TV, p. 28-32. NHK. (1966, March 25). TV, p. 7-10. NHK., &. (Writer). (1958-1963). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1961). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1961-1962). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1962-1963). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1963-1964). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1964-1965). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1965-1966). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1966-1967). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1967-1968). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1968-1969). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1969-1970). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1970-1971). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1971-1972). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1972-1973). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1973-1974). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1974-1975). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1975). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1983-1984). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1985). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1988-1989). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1989). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1996-1997). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (1999-2000). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (2000). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (2001). [Television series]. NHK.. (Writer). (2009-2010). [Television series]. NHK.

92 NHK 93 Footnotes 1 NHK 2 NHK 3 (1996) 4 Table1 3 5 TV 1962 1988 TV 6 TV Appendix 7 http://www.nhk.or.jp/archives/library/index.html NHK NHK NHK 3 NHK NHK DVD VHS NHK 3 8 3.2.1 9 M 2 M Appendix Table A TV

94 TV Culture and Women: The Conversion of the Early Morning NHK Television Series, Hsinyi HUANG There is abundant research on the way women s images have been portrayed in television dramas with regard to the issue of women and the media, but yet few of these studies focus on asadora, the early morning television series on NHK in Japan. This series has played a major role in shaping the image of Japanese women to the present day, portraying the life of a woman as she grows from being a daughter, a wife to a mother. By identifying the components and characteristics of asadora, this paper will explain not only how this genre started but reconfirm its content and the heroine s image. The paper will also focus on the turnabout of asadora, and discuss if and how it is related to female viewers. Based on previous research, asadora was initially intended as a literary program, but it seems that its content was changed after the highly popular Ohanahan series was broadcast in 1966. In this paper, I clarified the changing form by revisiting the television drama and articles from selected 60 s magazines. In conclusion, the reason of the conversion is strongly linked to the fact that the majority of the audience is female. The Ohanahan series in 1966 had a tremendous response from female viewers, most of whom were housewives. This was largely due to the social background of the 1960 s. The division of labor that resulted from this period of high economic growth in Japan gave rise to increasing numbers of modern housewives. Asadora has since shifted its theme to the biography of a woman, in particular constructing the typical asadora heroine: the cheerful and reliable mother who always sacrifices herself for the family. This kind heroine and the similar story lines became the paradigm of asadora as known by the general public today. The conversion is an extremely important clue when contemplating the later works of asadora. Keywords: women s image, asadora, gender-role stereotypes, female viewers, media influence