1 8 12 19
37 43
60 64 99 Mo- 99m Tc 68 10 75 11 85 12 88 13 90
14 92 15 94 16 96 17 99 18 Tc-99m 102 19 105
Tc-99m 110 PET 122 PET/CT 133 148 157 177 180 184
UNSCEAR ICRP 1990 ICRP 2007 ALARA 1
5. 1-1 4. 1 2
4. 2 ICRP2007-20 Sv 5 100mSv 3
1-1 msv 1925 600 1934 ICRP 500 1950( ) ICRP 150 1977 ICRP 50 1990 ICRP 20 2007 ICRP 20 Practical Radiation Protection in Healthcare. Colin J. Martin and David G. Sutton Eds. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2002 150mSv 500mSv ICRP 2007 1mSv 4. 3 1 msv/ 4
2 ICRP2007 Sv IAEA BSS 5mSv 5mSv 1mSv Tc-99m 48 150MBq 24 F-18 24 Tc-99m 48 3 1mSv ALARA ALARA 5. 1 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6. 1 L 6. 2 1 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1-1 7
2. 1. 1.1 1.2 99Mo- 99m Tc 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 8
1.7 1.8 F-18 FDG Tc-99 1.9 1.10 50% 1.11 1.12 2.1 9
1 2 3 4 5 2.2 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2.3 2.4 10
1 2 1 T1/2 2 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 4 11
. 1. 2. 1 2 3 3. ICRP 4. 1 1 12
2 3 3-1.. 1 2 3 4 5 6. 1 2 3 13
4 5 6. 2mSv. 10. 3 11. 1 2 3 14
4 5 6 7 8 PET 9 10 11 12 13 11.1. 11.2. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 15
5 6 7 11.3. 11.4. 12. 12.1. 12.2. 12.3. 12.4. 12.5. 12.6. 16
13. 13.1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 L 7 8 9 10 13.2. 1 2 3 4 5 14. 15. 17
18
1 Tc-99m F-18 7 2 2.1 1 4-1 2.2 2.3 19
4-2 4-13 5 100 Sv 20 Sv 500 Sv/ 150 Sv/ 50 Sv/ 100 Sv 1Sv 300 S 5 Sv/3 500 Sv/ 150 Sv/ 1mSv 500 Sv/ 150 Sv/ 2mSv 3 4-3 4-4 4-5 4 20
5.1 1 2 5 3 4 5.2 1 2 3 4 L 5.3 1 2 3 4 5.4 21
1 2 3 4 5 5.5 (1) (2) 22
1) ) (3) 23
5.6 6. 6.1 1m 6.2 24 6.3 6.4 24
6.5 1) 2) 3) 100 Sv/ 7 5 4-6 7.1 EDTA 1 2 EDTA 25
0.2 7.2 7.3 1) 2 3 Tc-99m 4 5 5 EDTA 8 1) 2) 3) 4) 26
5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 9 4-6 9.1 9.2 1 2 3 4 27
5 1) 2) 3) 0.2 9.3 1 2 3 4 5 9.4 10 3 1 1 1 2 3 4 28
1 5 2 1 2 3 11 (1) 1) 2) (2) 1) 2) (3) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) (4) 30 12 Tc-99m 29
7 5 30
1-1 3 5 Sv 1 Sv 31
4-2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 32
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 33
34 4-3 4-4 PET
4-5 1 TLD 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 35
4-6 4 36
1. 2. 1 2 3 3. ICRP 1 1 37
2 3 5-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 38
3 4 5 6 2mSv 10 3 11 1 2 3 39
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 11.1 11.2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 40
7 11.3 11.4 11.5 12 12.1 12.2 NEMA 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 41
13 13.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 L 7 8 9 10 13.2 1 2 3 4 5 14 5-1 99m Tc-HMDP 99m Tc-MDP 7-11 MBq/kg MDP 3.5-5.5 GBq 42
. 1 Tc-99m 7 2 2.1. 1 6-1 2.2. 2.3 43
3 6-2 6-13 5 100 Sv 20 Sv 500 Sv/ 150 Sv/ 50 Sv/ 100 Sv 1Sv 300 S 5 Sv/3 500 Sv/ 150 Sv/ 1mSv 500 Sv/ 150 Sv/ 3 6-3 6-3 5 44
5.1 1 2 3 4 5.2 1 2 3 4 L 5.3 1 2 45
3 4 5.4 1 2 3 4 5 5.5 (1) 46
(2) (3) 47
5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 48 6.3 6.4 48
6.5 1 2 3 100 Sv/h 7 5 6-5 7.1 EDTA 49
1 2 EDTA 0.2 7.2 7.3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 5 EDTA 8 (1) (2) 50
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 9 9.1 9.2 (1) (2) (3) 51
(4) (5) 0.2 9.3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 9.4 10 3 1 1 1 2 52
3 4 5 1 5 2 1 2 3 11 1 2 3 4 30 53
12 5 54
6-1 3 5 Sv 1 Sv 55
6-2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 5 14. 15. 56
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 57
6-3 1 TLD 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 58
6-4 4 59
238 Tc-99m 99Mo- 99m Tc F-18 FDG 1 2 4.1 2 1 2 3 60
4 5 6 4.2 99 Mo- 99m Tc 1 2 3 L 4 5 1 99 Mo- 99m Tc Mo-99 2 3 61
6.1 1 2 3 4 6.2 1 2 3 4 7.1 7.2 99Mo- 99m Tc 62
8 99Mo- 99m Tc 63
(1) (2) 99Mo- 99m Tc (3) 99 Mo- 99m Tc 99mTc-HMPAO (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) 99 Mo- 99m Tc 64
(3) (4) (5) 99m Tc-HMPAO (6) Tc-99m (7) (8) 99Mo- 99m Tc (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) 5.1 (1) (2) 65
(3) (4) 99mTcO4 Mo-99 (5) (1) 99mTcO4 99mTcO4 (2) Tc-99m (3) Mo-99 Tc-99m 140keV 30-40 Mo -99 700keV 1 (4) Mo-99 (5) Tc - 99m 100 Mo - 99 Mo-99 0.015% 1mCi 37MBq Tc-99m Mo-99 0.15 Ci 5.55kBq Mo-99 5 Ci 185kBq 5.2 (1) (2) (3) (TLC) 99mTcO4 99mTcO4 99mTcO4 99 TcO4 99mTcO4 99mTcO(OH)2 H2O RES( ) 2 66
67 5.3 (Rate of flow)
99 Mo- 99m Tc 99 Mo- 99m Tc Al O 99m Tc 99 Mo 9-1 9-2 99 Mo 99m Tc 24 99m Tc 9-3 99m Tc 0.9 NaCl 99m Tc 99 MoO 4 99m TcO 99m Tc 99m Tc 99 Mo 99m Tc 99m Tc 5ml 10ml Na 99m TcO 4 1 1 99m Tc 99 Mo 99m Tc 99m Tc 6 50 2 Na 99m TcO 4 9-1 68
9-2. 99 Mo- 99m Tc 9-3. 99 Mo- 99m Tc 99 Mo 99m Tc 9-4. 9-1,9-2 500mL 99m Tc 5mL 69
9-4. 99 Mo- 99m Tc 3.1 (MBq/ml) 1 2 1ml 1ml 1ml 1ml 1ml 3.2 3.3 99 Mo 99 Mo 99 Mo 99 Mo 140keV 99m Tc 4 1 740 780keV 99 Mo 70
50% 99 Mo 99 Mo 0.015% 99m Tc 99 Mo 99 Mo/ 99m Tc 1 2 3 4 5 L 71
9-1 99 Mo- 99m Tc 1 2 5mL 5 / 10mL 5 3 5mL 5 / 10mL 5 4 1 5 1 (1) 1 2 2 1 2 3 30 90 1 2 72
(2) -99 4 73
9-2 99Mo- 99m Tc 1 2 200 L 3 5mL 10mL 20 L 8 4 8 5 2 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 74
10. 2.1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 75
2.2 1 1 1mSv 2 1 3 1.3mSv 2 3 18 2 1 1/10 3 18 2 6 1/10 3 3 250 Sv 4 1 3 250 Sv 2 18 2 1 3 18 2 1 2.3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 2.4 76
1 3.1 1 20mSv 100mSv/5 3.2 (1) (2) (3) 3.3 E=A Ft T/r 2 E Sv A MBq Sv m 2 MBq -1 h -1 Ft: T (h) r (m) E=S Ft T E Sv S Sv h -1 Ft: T (h) 3.4 77
E=e I E msv e I Bq I 1.2 10 6 C T 1.2 10 6 cm 3 C Bq/cm 3 T C=A / V 10 6 8 A Bq V m 3 /h 3.5 2 6.1 78
(1) 1 (2) 50 12 (3) 3 1/4 (4) 1 1 1 1 2 6.2 (1) (2) (3) 1 (4) 1 (5) (6) (7) 6.3 1 8 5 1 1 1 0.5 2 1 15 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 15 1 3 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 /40 / 8 3 1 2 1 13 /3 79
3 8 13 /3 4 500 3 1 2 3 24 13 /3 4 2,184 6.4 (1) 1m (2) (3) PET (4) 4 (5) 6.5 6.6 CT PET/CT CT (1) Ep X W Dt E/ Ka U T Ep = 2 d 1 1 1 2 2 (2) Es Es X W Dt E/ Ka U T = 2 d 2 d 3 2 a F 400 100 (3) EL E L = XL t W E/ Ka U T d 2 4 1 1 2 2 (4) Ep Sv/3 80
Es Sv/3 EL Sv/3 X Gy m 2 /ma s XL Gy/h 1m W 3 (ma s/ ) (E/Ka Sv/Gy Dt (1/2) t t 1 2 2 2 1/2 2 W 3 h/3 3 ma s/3 / ma /3600 s/h U 1 T 1 a 400cm 2 1m X 1m F cm 2 (m) 2 (m) 3 (m) 4 (m) 6.7 PET/CT A T Dt = C r E 2 E Sv/ Sv/3 C Sv m 2 MBq -1. h -1 68 Ge- 68 Ga 0.133 A (Bq) Dt 1cm 81
T 1 3 (h) CT 6.8 6.9 1 1 HEPA 2 m 3 /h 10 3 13 3 4 0.01 5 6.10 1 1 Pi=A 1 Pi 1 Bq/cm 3 A 1 Bq 0.01 0.1 1 V 8( h) 1 V cm 3 /h = Pi/ 1 2 Pi=A 1/ Pi 3 Bq/cm 3 A 3 Bq 0.01 0.1 HEPA 0.01 0.1 5cm 0.2 2.5 5cm V 24 h V cm 3 /h = Pi/ 1 82
6.11 1 1 2 1 3 4 2 Wi=A [ 1-e - t1 / ] e - t2 1/V Wi Bq/cm 3 A Bq 0.693/T T t1 [ 3 /1 / 91/ ] t2 V cm 3 10 = Wi/ 1 9 9-3-2 19 12 10 16 10 5 83
3 1-99m 2 2 F-18 FDG PET 3 3 F-18 FDG PET/CT 1 ABCD E F 2 A 20m 3 1 10 2 2007 84
11 1. 2. 2.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 85
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 7.5 Sv/h. 1 2 3 4 5 Tc-99m F-18 86
1 2 3 4 5 87
12 12-1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1) 1 2 3 4 88
24 48 89
13 13-1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 90
13-1 Tc-99mHMDP MDP 48 48 91
14 21 1 2 Tc-99m 150MBq 24 150MBq 48 24 48 3 / 4 5 6 1 2 1m 3 4 3 92
5 93
15 20 2 20 238 1 Tc-99m 2 F-18 FDG PET 3 Tc-99m 3.1 1 2 3 3.2 4.1 94
1 2 3 4 4.2 4.3 15-1 95
16 (1) 1 Tc-99m F-18 FDG 2 Tc-99m (2) 1 2 (3) 1 16 1 2 (4) 1 2 (1) (2) 96
5 16 2 16 1 F-18 Tc-99m MBq Sv cpm Sv cpm 97
16 2 18 F 99m Tc MBq BG BG 98
17. Tc-99m Tc-99m 1 2 3. 1 Tc-99m 1 3. 2 99
3. 3 4. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. 2 4. 3 100
4. 4 17 1 17 1 4. 5 101
18 Tc-99m Tc-99m 17 1 1 2 2 1 2 Tc-99m F -18 F-18 7 3 4 18 1 5 6 102
3 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 5 18 2 103
18 2 99mTc Mo 18 2 Tc-99m Mo-99 Sv/cpm BG Sv/cpm 104
19 F-18 C-11 N-13 O-15 F-18 7 21 2 20 236 PET PET (1) PET PET 1 2 (2) 1) PET 2) 1 1 3) PET 4) 19-1 1 5) 6) 105
(3) 1) 2) 3) PET 4) 1 2 3) 1 PET 1 2 19-2 2 3 4 PET 19-2 2 PET 106
19-1 PET 1,,,,,,, 18 F No.,,, Sv/h, cpm cm 107
19-2 PET 2,,,,,,,,,, BG 18 F 7 BG BG 108