雯 A Study of Japanese Time Adverbs Focusing on Adverbs that Express Immediacy Wen - Shun CAIANG Tamkang University of Taiwan This study focuses on adverbs that express immediacy : sugu, sikyuu, tadachini, and tachimachi. These adverbs are examined according to their sentence - final predicate forms, volitive modality, point of view, whether or not the situation they refer to has already been realized, and whether or not they can be used in a negative sentence. We conclude that sentences which use these four adverbs are all time - restricted, the sentence - final predicate must contain motion and telicity, and most of these adverbs are used to express the beginning of an action or transformation. Similarities and differences are : sugu, and tachimachi may be used to convey the nature or qualities of people or animals, which are not limited by time ; sugu, sikyuu, and tadachini, mostly appear in the volitive mood, whereas tachimachi is largely non - volitive ; sikyuu is typically used to request the listener to immediately begin an action, while tachimachi is primarily used to describe what is currently happening from a bystander s point of view ; tachimachi can only be used to describe realized situations whereas the others may be used to modify realized or non - realized situations ; and sikyuu and tachimachi may not be used in a negative sentence. We conclude that sugu is the most frequent adverb and tachimachi is the least common adverb. 71
1 1 2 3 2 3 2002 1 2 4 45 67 4 5 4 5 4 6 7 6 7 2 6 3 7 72
4 4 162 4 1982 19891994 1997 1982 1989 1994 73
1997 1982 19891994 4 1997 4 4 8 9 10 8 9 8 9 894 8 9 1011 10 11 74
10 11 12 1995 12 4 4 13 14 1314 5 13 14 1995 4 13144 4 15 16 5 1718 17CM 18 75
19 20 21 19 20 21 19 2021 20 21 22 23 22 23 22 23 24 26 24 2 25 26 24 2526 76
22 264 4 1997 4 27 28 27 28 4TEEN 2728 4 1 1 369 71.51% 147 28.49% 516 134 75.28% 44 24.72% 178 34 100% 71 13.37% 0 0% 460 86.63% 34 531 1 3 77
29A : B : 30 31 2930 32 32 32 2 2 69 13.37% 27 5.23% 420 81.40% 516 14 7.87% 6 3.37% 158 88.76% 178 9 26.47% 23 67.65% 2 5.88% 34 13 2.45% 0 0% 518 97.55% 531 24 3 3 78
4 33 334 34 35 36 3435 36 37 37 38A : B : 38 3 79
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51995 Vendler 1967 1995 6 2007 pp. 135-157. 1982 3 pp. 146-153. 1995 128-3 pp. 47-59. 1997 2 2 29-2pp. 33-47. 1997pp. 56-61. 1994 pp. 179, 200-201, 269-272. 1997 7pp. 28-38. 1989 pp. 551-553. 2 21999 1997 1986 CD - ROM 100 1995 CD - ROM 100 1995 1978 CD - ROM 100 1995CD - ROM 100 1995CD - ROM 100 1995 CD - ROM 100 1995 1992 CD - ROM 100 1995 CD - ROM 100 19954TEEN4TEEN 2005 99 NSC99-2410 - H - 032-074 81