313 1947 CIE 12 26 1 3 1965 2 3 30 14 3 1965 31 5 2 5 3 1965 1965 3 3 3
314 35 1951 8 7 61 381 4 1952 4 200 15 2 3 5 4 6 4 1955 5 7 1300 4 8 4 12 500 1956 9 9 4 19 6 13 13 10 13
2004 315 11 3 12 13 19 1956 10 4 14 1957 4 4 15 4 1959 4 1 4 6 1961 4 6 16 1964 4 3 1965 6,185 200 30.9 508 7 20 1 2 7
316 35 5 17 82 18 19 20 21 4 22 7 23 8 24 9 25 2 2 4 3 9 26
2004 317 27 9 2 3 5 1 2 5 3 5 5 500 6 28 9 87 47 12 40 33 3 29 1967 200 2.5 500 200 300 500 600 1967 3 1351 6 30 1968 3 1969 9 4 12 400 31 1953 3 50 1 32 2 1955 3 1954 4 1 4 1955 2 50 24 2 3 33
318 35 4 4 1960 4 2 1963 100 30 50 34 1965 2 35 1 2 39 1964 5 5 5 2 2 4 5 2 3 5 20 36 10 37 1 5 5 8 1,600 38 21
2004 319 25 39 40 5 100 100 1 5 41 5 42 5 25 6 23 34 15 43 5 20 5
320 35 7 9 44 8 11 5 8 17 5 9 8 20 9 30 5 2 9 15 3 3 21 45 9 1966 6 15 3 2 7 29 3 1968 1 3 46 1956 1950 1952 3 210 1955 1 9 1 220 1956 3 2 47 4 1960 4 4 4 1963 48 1961 7 4
2004 321 49 30 9 1 1962 4 100 4 1963 5 1960 12 8 50 1965 1965 51 52 1965 3 1965 53 54 6 3 4 1 2 6 2 5 1 5 1
322 35 5 1 55 56 1966 2 8 4 4 57 2 30 58 200 5 59 12 60 17 61 24 62 24 1 63 1966 1988 2730 700 64 21 1967 16 65 66
2004 323 3 1965 4 3 2 1950 1946 1950 67 1 68 1952 69 1956 70 1955 4 4 71 1960 72 1965 2 3 73 1966 41 74 1
324 35 75 1969 2 76 1 2 3 4 77 1950 7 1972 1960 6 1964 3 1965 1966 1972 1961 1 5 78 79 3 80
2004 325 23 24 ) 1948 4 2 81 1951 3 10 11 12 5 82 2 1 1
326 35 83 1956 24 23 84 1 1952 43 2 3 1949 1955 10 6 1960 1952 1955 1950 1952 1950 3 7 2000 1 1 2 2000 18 52 3 2001 18 184 2002 2004 20 20 2004 4 1966 747 748 40 40 1997 1 5 2 752 1981 947 6 761 7 952 8 11 2000 621 9 1492 1493 10 1957 2 23 11
2004 327 12 1967 1494 13 1495 14 1493 953 954 15 7 1970 207 16 1497 1498 17 957 958 1965 4 13 18 19 1965 4 14 15 20 1965 4 20 8 1967 112 115 21 1965 4 30 22 1965 4 25 30 23 1965 8 21 24 1965 8 22 24 25 958 1965 8 22 24 25 26 28 26 959 1965 8 29 31 9 8 9 10 27 1965 9 10 28 1965 9 21 22 29 1965 12 13 16 27 1966 1 27 31 2 3 4 1 1969 30 1967 3 6 31 1968 3 5 40 25 1965 4 11 1965 4 18 1967 2 1967 2 10 1959 10 1968 1968 5 12 32 1993 1044 3 1979 833 33 1989 2
328 35 10 34 16 25 35 1965 2 22 36 1964 2 1969 35 38 37 56 38 1965 9 1 59 96 39 63 71 40 71 72 41 73 75 42 77 79 81 82 114 306 1965 11 57 1966 3 82 43 100 101 1965 7 7 44 1965 7 9 45 161 162 165 172 206 209 1965 8 23 9 7 9 10 22 46 243 264 47 1958 515 1989 542 30 30 30 1986 3 48 30 5 6 49 1961 123 50 30 14 15 51 1965 3 9 4 9 52 1965 3 16 53 30 16 54 1965 9 25 55 1965 10 3 56 1965 10 29 11 11 11 13 11 18
2004 329 57 1966 2 9 1966 2 9 58 1966 2 11 59 1966 2 11 60 1966 2 15 61 1966 2 18 1966 2 18 62 1966 2 25 63 1966 3 24 64 1966 1 15 2 21 30 56 65 1967 5 1 66 1969 1 31 30 32 67 1971 10 73 443 16 1981 882 68 50 1996 30 32 69 1982 150 1981 819 829 70 115 71 1973 15 16 72 1989 76 1962 78 73 1965 2 22 74 1966 7 1 75 1966 8 94 1968 4 1995 15 16 76 38 4 No.14 100 105 77 1980
330 35 78 1964 59 25 1962 92 93 79 1968 70 85 1977 108 170 1967 28 44 1981 435 445 453 457 1969 77 91 30 30 1975 29 33 50 50 1995 157 166 80 81 1949 47 233 82 1 2 69 71 83 1952 38 84 2003 2004 4 2005 11 1 12 2 13 1 71 8 9
2004 331 Disputes of Three City Colleges in 1965: Characteristics of Public Universities and Colleges in Japan Hiroto TAKAHASHI The purpose of this essay is to examine the severe troubles in three colleges at 1965, and to study characteristics of public universities. After the Second World War, the Japanese school system was changed. At the time CIE (Civil Information and Education Section) had suggested that control of the national universities and colleges should be transferred to local government. But the Japanese Educational Reform Council strongly opposed this. Its reasons were that local government had no appreciation of universities or colleges, had poor fi nancial capability, and would facilitate politically intervention. So national universities were not transferred; but about thirty local governments opened universities or colleges. Presently in fact, these public universities faced political interferences and fi nancial crises. Many of the public universities and colleges were funded by prefectures or big cities (cities designated by cabinet order) but several colleges were in small cities. The weakness of public universities was revealed typically at the colleges in small cities. In 1965, signifi cant disputes occured in three city colleges: Takasaki College of Commerce, Tsuru Bunka University, and Shimonosei City College. All ere funded by small cities. In the case of Takasaki College of Commerce, the municipal authority had suggested that many students, who had connections with a local infl uential politician or an offi cer, should be admitted to the college. But in 1965, the college rejected this. The mayor of Takasaki city was offended and insisted that the college should be transferred to the private sector. In the same year a new school building was completed at Tsuru Bunka College. Funds for the building had been collected from students of the college. Only ten of the students were invited to the ceremony to celebrate the completion. The other students assembled outside the building and protested at the time of the ceremony. Several members of the city council demanded that professors involved in the protest about the ceremony should be dismissed. At fi rst this was rejected by the college; eventually it was forced by the authorities to yield. The dismissed professors then fi led a suit and won. Shimonoseki City College was opened in 1962. In the following year a new mayor of Shimonoseki was appointed. The new mayor insisted that it was a major mistake to have established a city university. In 1965 the fi nances of the city were confronted with fi nancial stringency. The mayor stated that he intended to sell the city college and some private schools offered to buy it. The students repeatedly demonstrated against Associate Professor, Faculty of International Cultural Study, Yokohama City University
332 35 privatization and eventually the mayor abandoned the plan. As noted, one of the problems of public colleges and universities was fi nance; another was the relationship between the mayor and the institution. For primary and secondary public schools, the authority is the board of education, but in the case of public colleges and universities, it is not the board of education but the chief offi cer of the local government. After the Second World War, a new governance system of colleges and universities was planned. At the beginning of the 1950s, the Ministry of Education drafted a Public University Governance Law in accordance with the National University Governance Law. It specifi ed that the jurisdiction of public colleges and universities should not be under a board of education, so tentatively jurisdiction would devolve to a local governor. But the law was not enacted.