NINJAL Research Papers No.8

(NINJAL Research Papers) 8: 177 196 (2014) ISSN: 2186-134X print/2186-1358 online 177 3 3 3 1940 3 late adoption real time 3 apparent time * 1. 1 2 3 1.1 3 1 1953 * 2014 3 18 2014 5 13 109 NINJAL 2012

178 8: 177 196 (2014) 2 1972 3 2008 2.2 13 18 11 11 1 11 1 3 1 11 101 20 30 102 20 30 103 20 30 104 30 105 50 106 20 30 107 20 30 108 50 109 10 110 30 111 20 30 1.2 1 11 12 1 2 3

8: 177 196 (2014) 179 1957, 1983, Matsuda 2012, 2012 Matsuda 2012 2012 3 4 1 2 3 4 2 3 1999 1.3 1 Matsuda 2012 2012 2 Matsuda 2012 2012 Matsuda 2012 2012 3 4 Matsuda 2012 2012 2. 2.1 2

180 8: 177 196 (2014) 3 1 2 1 60 28 1 401 2 400 3 306 1 2 P proper professional C control college 1 1 P 231 1 C 170 2.2 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 1983: 62 1 2 3 3 Matsuda 2012 2 11 101 10 3.3 3 1 2 1957 1983 1 2

8: 177 196 (2014) 181 1 2 3 2.3 3 Matsuda 2012 3. 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.1 1 1 3 1 C 1 P 1953 1 C 1950 1 2 19 2 3 36

182 8: 177 196 (2014) 1 1 C 1 P 2 3 1 1 2 1 C 1 2 3 1 2 3 F(2, 12045)=32.6, p<0.001 1 3 2 3 p<0.001 1 2 p=0.29 3 3 2

8: 177 196 (2014) 183 2 3 2 1 3 χ2=74.6, df=4, p<0.001 1 3.2 ⁴ 3 10 1 P C 4 1 P 1 C 2 3 1 P C 10 50 2 3 10 70 4 cohort

184 8: 177 196 (2014) 3 1 2 3 1 C P 3 2 apparent time real time 3 3 1 P/C 1 3 40 2 60 1 P C 2 3 1 C P 2 1 P C 2 1930 1960 2 3 2 1930 1 10

8: 177 196 (2014) 185 3 3 1930 1960 2 3 late adoption Boberg 2004 2011 Inoue and Yamashita 2014 2012 3.3 4 1 C P 1 P C 5 1 P 4

186 8: 177 196 (2014) 4 3 F(10, 12015)=111.5, p<0.001 F(20, 12015)=6.3, p<0.001 1 2 3 1 3 5 1 P 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 5 3 7 4

8: 177 196 (2014) 187 5 1 3 11 11 5 1 3 7 5 5 3 6 5 3 1999 3

188 8: 177 196 (2014) 3.4 6 1 6 1 C 1 P 2 3 6 F(1, 12042)=382.1, p<0.001 1 1 2 3 2 3 0.15 0.07 3 2 0.2 3 0.13 F(2, 12042)=8.4, p<0.001 1 3 1 3 1 C 1

8: 177 196 (2014) 189 3.5 3 3 7 1 7 1 C 1 P 2 3 7 1 3 F(2, 11976)=53.6, p<0.001 7 2 3 1 2

190 8: 177 196 (2014) 3 3 1 3 1 3 3.1 1 1953 3 2008 3 3 8 1 60 70% 3 10% 1 10% 2 15% 3 50% 1 C χ2=2664.4, df=4, p<0.001

8: 177 196 (2014) 191 8 5 7 8 8 3.4 5

192 8: 177 196 (2014) 3.6 9 7 9 1 C 1 P 2 3 9 a b 1 C 3.4 3.5 3.5 9 3.5 3.4

8: 177 196 (2014) 193 4. 3 2.3 3 Matsuda 2012 3 1 2 2 3 1 2014

194 8: 177 196 (2014) Boberg, Charles (2004) Real and apparent time in language change: Late adoption of changes in Montreal English. American Speech 79(3): 250 269. 1999 2011 2014 9 2012 100 4: 1 25. Inoue, Fumio & Akemi Yamashita (2014) Change in the use of beautifying o- and late adoption A historical interpretation of data one decade apart. Proceedings of METHODS 14 London Aug 2011. 1957 1983 20 2010 1 4 Matsuda, Kenjiro (2012) What happened to the honorifics in a local Japanese dialect in 55 years: A report from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 18(2): 49 57. 2012 2012 37 54. 11 2010 2 : 38 47 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 etc etc

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196 8: 177 196 (2014) Changes in the Politeness Level of Utterances and Social Factors: A Report from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics YANAGIMURA Yu Adjunct Researcher, Department of Language Change and Variation, NINJAL Abstract This paper reports a temporal change in the politeness level of utterances using data from the Okazaki Survey on Honorifics (OSH). It is shown that the politeness level of utterances has increased over the past decades, in particular since the second survey in 1972. Those who were born in the 1940s, having participated in the survey three times, increased their politeness level. This indicates that speakers modify the politeness level of the honorifics they use during their life course and demonstrate a case of late adoption. Moreover, older speakers have the tendency to use more polite forms than younger speakers do. Regarding the factors controlling the use of honorifics, it seems that speakers have been shifting the relative importance of power to solidarity in deciding how polite they should be in a particular situation. With regard to the social characteristics of speakers, this paper observes that females are more polite in their use of honorifics than males are, and speakers with high academic backgrounds are more polite than those with low academic backgrounds are. Furthermore, the temporal change in the politeness level also depends on the following social variables: an increase in the politeness level is caused mainly by male speakers and an increased ratio of highly educated speakers, who use more polite forms of honorifics. Key words: honorifics, politeness, language change, social variable of speaker, situation