9:30 81 10:30 8301 10:40-11:00 8301 11:10-11:40 8301 11:40-12:10 Ecology,Behavior,and Conservation of Giraffe Fred B.Bercovitch 12:10-13:20 8301 12:20-12:50 8303 13:20-14:00 The Present Status and Conservation of the Asian Elephant Jayantha Jayewardene 8301 14:00-14:30 8301 15:00-15:50 1 2 3DNA 8305 8403 8404 16:00-16:40 8301 17:00-17:50 8502,8505 18:00-20:00 4 () 840518 83018304830584038404 17 30900 17001750 1750 1718

apemonkey 100 ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND CONSERVATION OF GIRAFFE Fred B. Bercovitch Giraffe roam throughout sub-saharan Africa in most ecological zones, except for the dense rain forests of Central Africa where their closest relative, the okapi, can be found. In this presentation, I provide an overview of the natural history of giraffe. Although the classic image of giraffe feeding is on acacia leaves, their diet includes nearly 100 species of plants. They inhabit regions as diverse as the deserts of Niger and Namibia, the woodland savannas of Kenya and Tanzania, and the thicketed riverine areas of Zambia and Botswana. Giraffe home range size varies with habitat, as does herd size. The composition of giraffe herds changes as a function of both social and ecological factors. Their mating system consists of solitary males roaming in search of sexually receptive females, with males capable of detecting female reproductive state based on olfactory cues. Their communication system is a mystery, but giraffe maintain social contact using infrasound vocalizations as auditory cues. The structure of their social system is an enigma, but has the hallmarks of a fission/fusion society, as found in chimpanzees and bonobos. Current research on giraffe genetics in both zoos and Africa is aimed at establishing the number and distribution of distinct genetic subpopulations. Despite their wide range, giraffe numbers are declining throughout Africa and their conservation status is under review.

The Present Status and Conservation of the Asian Elephant Jayantha Jayewardene The Asian elephant Elephas maximus is the only living species of the genus Elephas (Elephantidae) that evolved in Africa around 5 6 million years ago. Earlier it ranged Mesopotamia in the west across the Indian subcontinent to South-east Asia and China and as far north as the Yangtze River. It is gone 95% of its historical range. Today the natural range of the Asian elephant is confined to thirteen countries in the Asian region. The total wild elephant population in Asia is between 38,500 and 52,500. The Asian elephant is listed as an endangered species by CITES. 16,000 captive elephants are found in zoos, circuses etc. and with private owners. Earlier zoologists recognized three subspecies of Asian elephant: Elephas maximus maximus,now there is another subspecies Elephas maximus borneensis. The Asian elephant is smaller than the African elephant. Where Asian countries have common boundaries elephants migrate from country to country. Swift action based on the information available is necessary to ensure the conservation of the Asian elephant. Conflicts have developed between elephants and humans living on the borders of forests. This is mainly because parts of the habitats of elephants have been taken by humans for development and settlement, thus reducing the food and water resources available to the elephants. Coming out of the forests in search of food the elephants encounter humans and conflicts develop. There are many deaths, both human and elephant as a result of these conflicts. In some Asian countries elephants are killed by poachers for the ivory they carry

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