謝辞 * ここで発表する研究内容は, 環境研究総合推進費 (B 1007,4 1502: 代表者磯辺篤彦 ), 科学研究費補助金 ( , : 代表者日向博文 ; : 代表者片岡智哉,PICES プロジェクト (Effects of Marine Debri

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海洋プラスチック研究から 航空宇宙技術に期待すること 日向博文 愛媛大学大学院理工学研究科 九大 磯辺先生提供

謝辞 * ここで発表する研究内容は, 環境研究総合推進費 (B 1007,4 1502: 代表者磯辺篤彦 ), 科学研究費補助金 (23656309,26630231: 代表者日向博文 ;2 5820234: 代表者片岡智哉,PICES プロジェクト (Effects of Marine Debris Caused by the Great Tsunami of 2011) の援助を受けて行われています.

主な参考文献 * Kako, Shin ichiro, Atsuhiko Isobe, and Shinya Magome. "Sequential monitoring of beach litter using webcams." Marine pollution bulletin 60.5 (2010): 775-779. * Nakashima, Etsuko, et al. "Using aerial photography and in situ measurements to estimate the quantity of macro- litter on beaches." Marine pollution bulletin 62.4 (2011): 762-769. * Kako, Shin ichiro, et al. "Establishment of numerical beach- litter hindcast/forecast models: An application to Goto Islands, Japan." Marine pollution bulletin 62.2 (2011): 293-302. * Kataoka, Tomoya, Hirofumi Hinata, and Shin ichiro Kako. "A new technique for detecting colored macro plastic debris on beaches using webcam images and CIELUV." Marine pollution bulletin 64.9 (2012): 1829-1836. * Kako, Shin ichiro, Atsuhiko Isobe, and Shinya Magome. "Low altitude remote- sensing method to monitor marine and beach litter of various colors using a balloon equipped with a digital camera." Marine pollution bulletin 64.6 (2012): 1156-1162. * Kataoka, Tomoya, Hirofumi Hinata, and Shigeru Kato. "Analysis of a beach as a time- invariant linear input/ output system of marine litter." Marine pollution bulletin 77.1 (2013): 266-273. * Kataoka, T., H. Hinata, and Y. Nihei. "Numerical estimation of inflow flux of floating natural macro- debris into Tokyo Bay." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 134 (2013): 69-79. * Kako, Shin ichiro, et al. "A decadal prediction of the quantity of plastic marine debris littered on beaches of the East Asian marginal seas." Marine pollution bulletin 81.1 (2014): 174-184. * Isobe, Atsuhiko, et al. "Selective transport of microplastics and mesoplastics by drifting in coastal waters." Marine pollution bulletin 89.1 (2014): 324-330. * Kataoka, Tomoya, and Hirofumi Hinata. "Evaluation of beach cleanup effects using linear system analysis." Marine pollution bulletin 91.1 (2015): 73-81.

九大 磯辺先生提供 マイクロプラスチックスとは マクロプラスチックス 元の製品が判別できる程度の大 きさ(撮影 石垣島 平野海岸) メソプラスチックス 5mm 大きさ程度の微細片 (撮影 石垣島 伊野田海岸) Gesamp WG40のパンフレット 漂流 漂着ゴミの約70 を占めるプラス チックゴミが 主には海岸で紫外線や熱に よって劣化し 微細片化したもの 最近の 定義では 5mm以下の大きさをマイクロプ ラスチックスと呼ぶことが多い マイクロプラスチックス 数μm 大きさ 5mm程度の 微細片(採取 瀬戸内海 伊予灘) ナノプラスチックス 大きさ 数μm程度の微細片 (Cole et al., Env. Sci & Tech., in press)

マイクロプラスチックスの何が問題か プランクトンと大きさが近接するマイクロプラス チックスは 誤食を通して容易に生態系に混入し てしまう 九大 磯辺先生提供 貝類の体内に取り込まれたマイクロプラスチックス Browne et al., (2010, Mar. Pol. Bull.), Cauwenberghe et al. (2015, Env. Pol.) <? < Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl PCB (CB126) プラスチック表面に吸着したPOPsが 浮遊物に吸着したものよりも多い場合 化学汚染物質の生物濃縮を 加速 さ せてしまう (高田ほか, 2014 海洋と生物 特集 号の指摘による) 動物プランクトン(pelagic copepod)の体内への取り込みと 摂食障害 Cole et al., (Env. Sci. Tech, in press.) マイクロプラスチックスを摂食したメダカに発現した肝障害 Rocheman et al., (Sci. Rep, 2013)

九大 磯辺先生提供 知りたいこと マイクロプラスチックによる環境影響予測 海岸でのマイクロプラスチックの生成量は? 全球の海岸 海洋にどれだけの量のマクロプラスチックが存在するのか? 陸域 ( 海洋プラスチック予備群 ) は? それらの時間変化は? それらの輸送経路 ( 動態 ) は? しかしながら,,, 水温や流速とちがい計測機器 ( プラスチック計 ) が存在しない. è 現状 : 人海戦術 è 科学としてのベースとなる定量的な計測が困難

海岸におけるマクロプラスチックの振る舞い 漁業用フロートを例として 2-1 13cm Iriomote Island

Time series of Immigrant, Remnant, 新規漂着再漂流 残留 Emigrant and Total Total Date of MR Experiment Hinterland Aug. 21, 2012 *Beach surveys measure the total population, but not the immigration.

Residence Time on Wadahama Beach h( t) = exp( k t), k = 4.471 10 3 ± 0.340 10 3 R 2 = 0.852, P < 0.01 ( ) = 224 days ( 7.5 months) τ r = h t dt = 1 0 k 95% confidence interval: 208 days τ r 242 days 1/e=0.368 224days

Relation between Immigrant, Remnant and Total Remnant Beach Survey Number Total y(t) Input x(t) t 0 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 t 6 t 7 t 8 Exponential Decay Time

Linear System Analysis è Mediator between Ocean Models and Beach Monitoring Linear System Analysis (Kataoka et al., 2013) Num. Input x(t) y(t) = 0 x(τ )h(t τ )dτ Residual Num. y(t) Time x(t) = 1 2π 0 Y (ω) H(ω) exp(iωt)dω Time Ocean models (e.g. Kako et al., MPB, 2011; Maximenko et al, MPB, 2012) Beach Monitoring (e.g. Kataoka et al, MPB, 2012; Ribic et al, 2012)

マクロプラスチックの海岸での 動態を探る上でキーとなる項目 * 滞留時間の把握 = 個々のプラスチックの追跡 * 存在量の時系列の計測 時間分解能 << 滞留時間空間分解能 :5mm

Purpose Tsushima Wajima Tsushima current Tobishima Wakkanai Kuroshio 3 To sequentially measure quantity of beach litter at four sites around East China and Japan Seas

Webcam monitoring system Transmission via Internet using portable communications Webcam Labo. Control box Solar panels Storage batteries Time Webcam images System is operated every two hours for 7:00-15:00 (i.e., five time). Five images are taken every operating time by webcam. Daily number of images is 25 (i.e., 5 (times) 5 (images)=25).

Webcam images at four sites Wajima Wakkanai Tsushi ma current Kurosh io 5 Tsushima Tobishima

Webcam images at Tobishima (Dec. 2010) Quantity of macro- plastic litter is calculated using these webcam images.

Step1: Generation of CRs Color distribution of plastic litter C in the CIELUV color space C D B E G F A H Three ellipses form the ellipsoid body CRs: Ellipsoid body in the CIELUV color space Blue plastic CRs for webcam images at Tobishima 7

Step 2: Detection of plastic pixels Detection of plastic litter using a single image Plastic litter with any colors can be detected. Plastic debris white But other litter (e.g., driftwoods) is mis- detected Detection using a single image Using photos a single for image three days Mis- detection 75 images (3 days) Wood Pixel which is frequently detected Plastic debris Plastic pixel Pixel which is infrequently detected NOT plastic pixel

Time series at four sites Wakkanai Oct. 9, 2010 Err.: 19%, Corr.: 0.93 Wajima Dec. 5, 2010 Tsushima Nov. 22, 2010 Tobishima Nov. 5, 2010 Err.: 12%, Corr.: 0.81 Cleanup Err.: 20%, Corr.: 0.94 Daily covered areas have short- term fluctuations due to changes in the sunlight condition (e.g., amount of sunlight). To remove the short- term fluctuations, 30- day moving average of daily covered area is calculated. Err.: 21%, Corr.: 0.73 Cleanup

Monthly variability of litter color (side plane) E W Morning Afternoon E W Blue tank White cube White cylinder 20

We use its COLOR and/or SHAPE to identify anthropogenic debris

Similar COLOR è COLOR- based System N.A. è Hyperspectral Camera? White Shellfish clinging to White Styrofoam Buoy Suo- Oshima (Hinata, 2015) Oahu Island (Kataoka, 2012) White pieces of Shell, Coral, Plastic, etc.

What is a Hyperspectral Camera? PC HSC 350 (nm) 780 (nm) 100" Reflectance (%) 80" 60" 40" 20" NDVIç Ch. 63 and Ch. 76. Reflectance(%)+ 0" (nm) NH- 7 (EBA JAPAN Co. Ltd.) Image&Resolution 1280& &1024&pixel Wavelength&Range 350&<&1100&nm Wavelength&sampling interval 5&nm Viewing&angle 22.5&deg Weight 750/850&g 1100 (nm)

Tiny Beach in Plastic Case Plastic (21), Shell (14), Glass (3), Cuttlebone (1) 100" 30 80"cm Reflectance(%)+ 60" Sh9 P8 Sh8 P9 40 cm 100" 80" Gl1 Gl2 Reflectance((%)( 20" 0" P10 P6 Sh3 Sh1 P3 P2 Gl1 P1 40" St 20" 0" Sh12 20" P17 0" P22 P15 P14 Reflectance((%)( 80" 60" P21 Sh14 40" P5 P4 Cu 80" 60" P16 100" Reflectance((%)( P20 Sh13 Sh6 Sh2 P19 P18 Sh7 Sh5 Sh4 60" 40" P11 P8 20" 0" P7 St 100" 40" P12 Sh12 Sh11 P13 Sh10 + barnacle Cu Gl3

Looking the Beach through various combinations of 3- channel Normal RGB image 100" Cuttlebone Reflectance((%)( 80" 60" 40" Plastic Shell Glass 20" 0" (nm)

Barnacles, Sand and Wood Reflectance (%) 100" 90" 80" 70" 60" 50" 40" 30" barnacle"(%)" wood"(%)" sand"(%)" 20" 10" 0" 400" 500" 600" 700" 800" 900" 1000" (nm)

マクロプラスチックの海岸での 動態を探る上でキーとなる項目 * 滞留時間の把握 = 個々のプラスチックの追跡 * 存在量の時系列の計測 時間分解能 << 滞留時間 ( あるいはイベント観測 ) 空間分解能 :5mm ( もしくは粗い空間分解能でも プラスチック量を計算できる技術 ) 白色系漂着物の識別 透明な漂着物の認識