2002 3 JCSS-TR-43 603-8577 56-1 hat@lt.ritsumei.ac.jp 152-8552 2-12-1 Copyright c 2002 by Masasi Hattori, Koji Nakajima, & Masanori Nakagawa. All rights reserved. 464-8601 : 052-789-4891 FAX : 052-789-4752 jcss@jcss.gr.jp
2002 3 37 3 3 Keywords: logical reasoning rule acquisition cognitive directionality goal and motivation conditional inference (, 2000) A A Directionality in Rule Induction, by Masasi Hattori, Koji Nakajima, and Masanori Nakagawa. (, 2000) (2002) 1
(, 1990; Hattori & Nakagawa, 1996;, 2000;, 2001) 24 3 p, q, r 1 3 p, q, r 1. (p q r) p q r p q r T T T F (0) T T F T (4) T F T T (8) T F F F (0) F T T T (4) F T F F (0) F F T F (0) F F F T (8) T F p q r (exclusive disjunction) (material equivalence) p q r (1) p q p q p q (p q r) (p q r) ( p q r) ( p q r) (2) 1 3 p, q, r S, W C p, q, r 3 2
r p q 1 p, q, r 3 0 2 1 24 2 1 2 3 r S r r W r r C 3 p, q, r 24 p, q r p, q 4 r p r q q r p 4 12 37 S, W, C 1 3 S, W, C 11, 12, 11 p, q, r 3
4 1. r : r p q r 2. p/q : r p q 2 r r 2 q r p 2 3. : 2 4. : 3 1 S01 p q r (1) p q r (2) p q r (3) 3 (4) 3 2 1 (5) 1 (1), (2), (3) r (4), (5) (1) (3) 3 1 (4) (1) (3) 4 1 (5) (1) (4) r (1) (4) (5) 2 (5) 1/2 (1) (4) (4) (1) (3) (1) (3) r r 1/2 r 1/2 1 (weighted frequency score; WFS) WFS WFS W 1 (W08) 4
WFS 1 S, W 40 % r C C 70 % vs. 50 % C r 0 C χ 2 S W χ 2 (2, N = 23) = 0.188, p =.66 r C S, C W S W r p q r p q r (W01) 2 (W04) 2 1 (C03) 3 (C03) 12 S: 10/11 W: 11/12 W08 C: 10/11 WFS 1 1 p q r p q r (S07) 2 5
1. WFS 1 1 1 1 1 WFS 2 2 1 C, W, S C F(2, 31) = 3.20, MSE = 6.62, p =.05 Dunnett C S, W 10 % r WFS F(2, 31) = 8.31, MSE = 4.62, p <.01 Dunnett S, W C 1% 6
2. p/q 2 1 S WFS WFS S F(1, 10) = 3.92, MSE = 0.0618, p <.10. 3 1 S W S, W 7
S r r p, q r 2 1 3 2 1 8
(Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991) (, 2002) r r (2000, 2002) (, 2002) r 1 Evans (Evans, 1993; Evans & Over, 1996) Stanovich (1999) 2 ( Evans, 1989; Sloman, 1996) Stanovich (1999) 1 2 1 2 2 (2000, 2002) (, 2000) r r r 9
3 (2000) p q p q q p (Hattori, in press) 2 (, 2001) 3 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1993). Bias and rationality. In K. I. Manktelow & D. E. Over (Eds.), Rationality: Psychological and philosophical perspectives (pp. 6 30). London: Routledge. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Over, D. E. (1996). Rationality and reasoning. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.. (2000). 16 21 32.. (2001). 8 444 453.. (2002). 3 1 13. Hattori, M. (in press). A quantitative model of optimal data selection in Wason s selection task. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology. Hattori, M., & Nakagawa, M. (1996). A new experimental method to identify the process of logical reasoning. Japanese Psychological Research, 38, 74 84.. (2001). 25 1 12. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (1991). Deduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.. (1990). 14 1 12. Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3 22. Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (Anderson, 1990) Anderson, J. R. (1990). The adaptive character of thought. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1989). Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Hillsdale, NJ: 10
(WFS) 2 (e 1,, e n ) e i WFS, s i = 1/n (i = 1,, n) e i c i1,, c im ; s i m c ij WFS, s ij = 1/nm ( j = 1,, m) 2 WFS WFS WFS WFS 1 3 2 1 C03 11