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? 1687: () Isaac Newton (1642-1727) http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/art/portrait.html Equation of motion

? 1687: () 1873: () James C. Maxwell (1831-1879) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/art/portrait.html Equation of motion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/james_clerk_maxwell Maxwell equation

? 1687: () 1873: () James C. Maxwell (1831-1879) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/art/portrait.html Equation of motion 1900~ = & http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/james_clerk_maxwell Maxwell equation Werner K Heisenberg (1887-1961) Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/werner_heisenberg (1925) http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~mishat/1933-5.html (1926)

(1791-1871)? 1687: () 1873: () James C. Maxwell (1831-1879) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/art/portrait.html Equation of motion 1900~ = & 1936: () 1948: () http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/james_clerk_maxwell Maxwell equation Werner K Heisenberg (1887-1961) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/werner_heisenberg (1925) Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961) http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~mishat/1933-5.html (1926)

Rolf Landauer (1927-1999) 80s~ Information is physical 1 kt log2 http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/ File:Rolf_Landauer_2474.jpg

Rolf Landauer (1927-1999) 80s~ Information is physical 1 kt log2 http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/ File:Rolf_Landauer_2474.jpg Richard P Feynman (1918-1988) 1981(MIT) 1 st Symposium on Physics and Computation I m not happy with all the analyses that go with just the classical theory, because nature isn t classical. If you want to make a simulation of nature you d better make it quantum mechanical http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ physics/laureates/1965/feynman-bio.html

01 ψ = +

Nobel Prize 2012: Controlling individual quantum systems cavity-qed http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Serge_Haroche S. Haroche Gleyzes, Sebastien, et al. "Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity." Nature 446.7133 (2007) trapped ions http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/ details.cfm?imageid=576 D. Winland

NP PSPACE A Schönhage On the power of random access machines. ICALP, 520 (1979). minimal surface calculation by soap bubble

minimal surface calculation by soap bubble NP PSPACE All papers A Schönhage on quantum On the computing power of random should carry a footnote: access This machines. proposal, ICALP, like 520 all (1979). proposals for quantum computation, relies on speculative technology, does not in its current form take into account all possible sources of noise, unreliability and manufacturing error, and probably will not work. (S. Lloyd Nature 400 720 (1999)) Rolf Landauer @IBM

NP PSPACE A Schönhage On the power of random access machines. ICALP, 520 (1979). minimal surface calculation by soap bubble

NP PSPACE A Schönhage On the power of random access machines. ICALP, 520 (1979). minimal surface calculation by soap bubble [Shor95] fight entanglement with entanglement [Preskill97]

中村蔡先 (NEC, RIKEN) flux qubit I. Chiorescu et al (Delft), Science 2003 Y. Nakamura et al (NEC), Nature 1999

IBM (Watson Research Center) group: Universal Quantum Gate Set Approaching Fault-Tolerant Thresholds with Superconducting Qubits J. M. Chow et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012 中村蔡先 (NEC, RIKEN) flux qubit I. Chiorescu et al (Delft), Science 2003 Y. Nakamura et al (NEC), Nature 1999 gate fidelity: 95-98% UCSB J. Martinis s group: Superconducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance R. Barends et al., Nature 2014 [fidelities] single-qubit gate: 99.92% two-qubit gate: 99.4% measurement: 99%

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UCSB(Martinis)+Google: Kelly et al., Nature 519, 66 (2015) Barends et al., Nature 508, 500 (2014) [fidelities] single-qubit gate: 99.92% two-qubit gate: 99.4% measurement: 99% Delft(QuTech)+Intel: Riste et al., Nat. Comm. 6 6983 (2015) IBM: Chow et al., Nat. Comm. 5 4015 (2015)

最後に Nobel Prize 2012: Controlling individual quantum systems Dream or Nightmarecavity-QED the theorist s dream of a quantum 光子の状態操作非破壊測定 computer would be angleyzes, experimentalist s nightmare Sebastien, et al. "Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity." Nature 446.7133 (2007) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Serge_Haroche S. Haroche It will eventually happen using quantum principles to make a quantum computer that will actually have applications. trapped ions イオンの状態操作量子演算 http://patapsco.nist.gov/imagegallery/ details.cfm?imageid=576 D. Winland