1 2 1 Modification Modification1, Modification2 1) Basics, Sequence, Tracing1, Tracing2, Explain, Writing 8 Modification Modification Research on programming skill hierarchy Mitsuo Yamamoto, 1 Takayuki Sekiya 2 and Kazunori Yamaguchi 1 Even the learner who cannot write the code is shown the sentence that explains the function and if the sample program is imitated, has the person who can write the code. Then,It proposes the skill that does the correction remodeling from the sample program as Modification. The proposal skill is repeatedly assumed to be Modification1 and Modification2 by structural presence. And, the skill related to the programming that exists in the paper 1). Modification investigated at which position by eight skills that added Basics, Sequence, Tracing1, Tracing2, Explain, and Writing. The creation of exam questions does the problem that each skill can be measured to the investigation. The measurement experiment was conducted, and acquired data was analyzed. As a result, the Modification has understood it exists as an independent skill though it is not necessarily complete, and the skill hierarchy is comparatively located in the subordinate position. 1. ( ) 1) for while 3.2 1) 2 Modification 1) 1 Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo 2 Information Technology Center, The University of Tokyo 1 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Writing Explain Tracing2 Sequence Data Tracing1 Modification2 Modification1 Basics 1 Fig. 1 Hierarchy of skill related to programming(hypothesis) Modification Modification 1) Modification 1) 2 1 Modification 3.1 1) Modification 1) 2 3 4 3 4.1 4.3 4.4 3 5 2. 2) General Evaluation Criteria DoC Evaluation Criteria 3) 4) 5) Writing 1) 2 2 Tracing1 Writing Tracin2 Writing Explain Writing 6) 3.2 3. 3.1 Modification Modification 1) Tracing Tracing1, Tracing2 Modification 2 Modification1 Modification2 2 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Explain Data Writing Tracing2 Sequence Tracing1 Basics 2 1) Fig. 2 Hierarchy of skill related to programming(quotation from paper 1) ) 3.2 3.2.1 1) Java 1) ( 1 ) Basics Basics Basics ( 2 ) Sequence Sequence Sequence 1) A. if( sword.charat(i) == tocount) B. for( int i = 0; i < sword.length(); i++) C. return count; D. int count = 0; E. public int countletter(string sword, char tocount) F. count++; ( 3 ) Tracing1 3 a += 2; b -= 4; c = b * a; 3 1) ( 4 ) Tracing2 if 1) Question7D,a while loop public int q7d(int ilimit) { int iindex = 0; int iresult = 0; while (iindex <= ilimit) { iresult += iindex; iindex++; } return iresult; } ( 5 ) Exceptions 3 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
q7e(null) 1) public int q7e(int[] anumbers) { } int iresult = 0; for (int iindex = 0; iindex < anumbers.length; iindex++) { } ( 6 ) Data if ( anumbers[iindex] > iresult) { } iresult = anumbers[iindex]; return iresult; 5 ArrayList Boolean double int String or ( 7 ) Writing Java DJ 3 2 String substring(int biginindex, int endindex) ( 8 ) Explain 1) Question10B,a reading question public void method 10B(int inum) { } for(int ix = 0; ix < inum; ix++) { } for(int iy = 0; iy < inum; iy++) { } ( 9 ) General System.out.print("*"); System.out.println(); 1 4 5 1) 3.3 Modification Modification 3.1 ( 1 ) Modification1 [ ] [ ] 2 [ ] 1 import java.util.scanner; 2 class Q1410{ 3 public static void main(string[] args){ 4 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
4 Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in); 5 System.out.print(" = "); 6 int a = stdin.nextint(); 7 System.out.print(" = "); 8 int b = stdin.nextint(); 9 a = a + b; 10 if (a % 2 == 0){ 11 System.out.println(" "); 12 }else { 13 System.out.println(" "); 14 } 15 } 16 } [ ] 2 [ ] >java Q1410 = 4 = 6 ( 2 ) Modification2 [ ] [ ] [ ] >java Q1411 [ ] >java Q1411 dan = 4 dan = 4 * **** ** *** *** ** **** * [ ] 1 import java.util.scanner; 2 class Q1411{ 3 public static void main(string[] args){ 4 Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in); 5 System.out.print("dan = "); 6 int a = stdin.nextint(); 7 for (int i = 1; i <= a; i++){ 8 for (int j = 1; j <= a - i; j++) 9 System.out.print(" "); 10 for ( int j = 1; j <= i; j++) 11 System.out.print("*"); 12 System.out.println(); 13 } 14 } 15 } 4. 4.1 1 4.1.1 1 4.1.2 3.2 1) 4.1.3 5 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
2 1 4.1.2.1 1 1 2 Java 2009 7 13 90 2 2 15 Java 4.1.2.2 50 25 2 10 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Writing Modification1 Modification2 Exceptions Data Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Exceptions Data Explain Writing Modification1 Modification2 10 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Exceptions Data Explain Writing 1) Modification1 Modification2 3.1 50 90 2 50 25 2 90 4.1.3 1) 1) Rasch model 3 4.1.4 1 Sequence 0.8 2 0.8 4.1.4.1 Modification Modification1 Modification2 0.05 P 3 P 0.05 3 Modification1 Tracing2 Explain Writing Modification2 Tracing1 Tracing2 6 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
2 Table 2 Internal consistency 平均値 標本分散 標準偏差 基礎集計 相関係数 独立性の検定 測定データ ( 点数 ) 共分散構造分析 結果 (CFI 値 ) 重回帰分析 パス図 Basics 8 4 0.8438397 Sequence 7 1 Tracing1 7 4 0.8168168 Tracing2 7 3 0.9176470 Exceptions 3 1 Data 4 3 0.8413880 Explain 3 1 Modification1 6 2 0.8727273 Modification2 2 1 Writing 3 2 0.9100000 結果 (P 値 ) 考察 3 Fig. 3 Outline of analysis 結論 Tracing2 Explain Tracing2 Writing Explain Writing Tracing1 Tracing2 Modification1 Tracing2 P Modification1 Tracing2 0 15 12 4 1 Table 1 Internal consistency of all data Basics 8 0.294639850 Sequence 7 0.441406059 Tracing1 7 0.679780259 Tracing2 7 0.544438293 Exceptions 3 0.069767442 Data 4 0.796508161 Explain 3-0.250000000 Modification1 6 0.750000000 Modification2 2 0 Writing 3 0.252115385 3 Modification P Table 3 Test for independent of Modification skill: P Value Modification1 Modification2 Basics 0.8622 0.3952 Sequence 0.8505 0.3709 Tracing1 0.2686 0.01087 Tracing2 0.0002076 0.04187 Exceptions 0.4054 0.2834 Data 0.5708 0.05915 Explain 0.03074 0.585 Modification1 0.1408 Modification2 0.1408 Writing 0.03074 0.585 7 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
4.1.4.2 4 20 3 Writing Explain Basics 4.1.4.3 4 1 5 1 10 Table 4 Basic total: The 1st, C college Table 5 a correlation coefficient table: The 1st, C college(10 skills) Basics 7.82667 33.0564 5.7495 Sequence 16.66667 38.0952 6.1721 Tracing1 8.00000 52.8571 7.2703 Tracing2 2.22222 35.9788 5.9982 Exceptions 8.00000 102.8571 10.1419 Data 7.75556 38.5153 6.2061 Explain 1.33333 26.6667 5.1640 Modification1 3.33333 52.3810 7.2375 Modification2 5.33333 83.8095 9.1548 Writing 0.66667 6.6667 2.5820 : 20 2 Basics(7.82667), Sequence(16.66667), Tracing1(8.00000), Exceptions(8.00000), Data(7.73333) Tracing2(2.22667), Explain(1.33333), Writing(0.66667) Modification1(3.33333), Modification2(5.33333) 5 Sequence, Tracing1, Exceptions, Basics, Data 5 5 Writing, Explain, Tracing2, Modification1, Modification2 5 3 Exceptions Modification2 Tracing1 3 Exceptions Tracing1 Modification2 Bas Seq Tr1 Tr2 Exc Dat Exp Mo1 Mo2 Wri Bas 1.00000 Seq 0.51394 1.00000 Tr1 0.82843 0.39795 1.00000 Tr2 0.56429 0.21437 0.65517 1.00000 Exc 0.27047 0.00000 0.42624 0.46967 1.00000 Dat 0.80186 0.59879 0.82742 0.56996 0.20730 1.00000 Exp 0.39327 0.14940 0.45661 0.51245 0.32733 0.39722 1.00000 Mo1 0.70150 0.26650 0.54299 0.58502 0.19462 0.51772 0.63706 1.00000 Mo2 0.51821 0.33710 0.81562 0.63593 0.43082 0.80406 0.44320 0.35935 1.00000 Wri 0.39327 0.14940 0.45661 0.51245 0.32733 0.39722 1.00000 0.63706 0.44320 1.00000 Bas : Basics, Seq : Sequence, Tr1 : Tracing1, Tr2 : Tracing2 Exc : Excpetions, Dat : Data, Exp : Explain Mo1 : Modification1, Mo2 : Modification2, Wri : Writing 7) 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.70 0.70 1.00 5 1 Explain Writing 0.7 Basics Tracing1(0.82843), Tracing1 Data(0.82742), Basics Data(0.80186), Tracing1 Modification2(0.81562), Data Modification2(0.80406), Basics Modification1(0.70150) 6 Modification2 Basics, Data, Sequence, Tracing1 4. Basics, Data, Sequence, Tracing1 4 8 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
0.2 Sequence Exceptions(0.00000), Sequence Explain(0.14940), Sequence Writing(0.14940), Exceptions Modification1(0.19462) 4 Sequence Explain Writing Exceptions Modification2 Explain 0.44320 4.1.4.4 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Exceptions Data Explain Modification1 Modification2 Writing 10 4 1) 0.05 0.05 4 3 1 Writing Modification1 Writing 2 Modification2 Tracing2 Modification2 Tracing2 1 3 Writing Writing 2 4 1 Writing Basics 2 Writing Basics 4 2 2 4 Basics Sequence Data Tracing1 2 Basics Sequence Data Tracing1 4 Fig. 4 R 2 = 0.64651 Modification2 Tracing2 R 2 = 0.40441 Writing Modification1 Basics Tracing1 Data R 2 = 0.40584 R 2 = 0.49210 R 2 = 0.68629 R 2 = 0.68463 R 2 = 0.76769 Sequence Exceptions Explain 4 1 Writing multiple regression analysis: The 1st, C college (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Writing) 9 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Modification2 5 Explain Writing Explain Writing 1 Explain Writing 1) 2 Modification1 Modification2 Writing Writing < 0.05 Writing Modification1 Modification2 R 2 = 0.35855 R 2 = 0.64298 Sequence Exceptions Explain Data Modification2 Tracing1 Basics Tracing2 R 2 = 0.66523 R 2 = 0.68629 R 2 = 0.56295 R 2 = 0.75501 Modification1 R 2 = 0.40584 Writing 5 1 Modification2 Fig. 5 multiple regression analysis: The 1st, C college (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Modification2) 4.1.4.5 1 2 4 Explain Writing 1 Explain Writing CFI 2 0.33456 4 0.92594 CFI 0.95 0.9 8) 8),9) CFI CFI(Comparative Fit Index) NFI(Normed Fit Index) 8) 2 4 4.2 2 4.2.1 1 4.2.2 2 4.1.2 1 4.2.2.1 1 1 ( 1 ) Writing 2 ( 2 ) 1 8 1 8 1 4 ( 3 ) 10 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
1 50 ( 4 ) Exceptions Data Basics Exceptions 1) 2 Data Basics 1) 2 Basics Data Tracing1 Sequence 1 Basics Data 0.9061597 Basics Data 0.80186 5 Basics 7.82667 Data 7.75556 Basics 33.0564 Data 38.5153 4 ( 5 ) 1 25 90 1 8 40 10 2 2 10 180 2 2 2 1 ( 6 ) Programming1 Programming2 Debug 3 1 Programming1 Programming2 Programming2 Programming Writing Programming Writing Debug 3 4.2.2.2 1 1 Java 1 2 2009 9 17 18 40 5 90 1 10 40 2 15 1 16 1 16 2 14 1 14 2 Java 8 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Writing Modification1 Modification2 3 Programming1 Programming2 Debug 38 8 4 6 1 4.2.2.3 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Writing 6 1) 1 Modification2 1 5 4 8 11 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
1 40 5 2 2 1 50 2 4.2.3 4.1.3 1 1 4.2.4 2 14 1 16 2 2 56 4.2.4.1 Modification Modification1 Modification2 P 6 P 0.05 6 Modification1 Modification2 Modification1 Explain Modification2 Explain Modification1, Modification2 4.2.4.2 7 20 3 Sequence Basics Modification1 3 3 Writing Modification2 Explain 3 6 Modification P Table 6 Test for independent of Modification skill: P Value Modification1 Modification2 Basics 0.4287 0.3997 Sequence 0.2883 0.3917 Tracing1 0.1562 0.1746 Tracing2 0.2041 0.4283 Explain 0.01765 0.01669 Modification1 0.004966 Modification2 0.004966 Writing 0.4012 0.2665 3 Tracing1 Tracing2 Modification1 3 Tracing1 Tracing2 Modification1 3 Basics Writing Modification2 3 Basics Writing 4.2.4.3 4.1.4.3 8 3 Explain Writing(0.62334), Explain Modification2(0.54267), Basics Modification1(0.51829) 3 Explain Writing 1) 2 Writing Explain Tracing2 1) Explain Writing Writing Explain Explain Modification2 12 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Table 8 7 2 Table 7 Basic total: The 2st, C college Basics 11.3393 49.828 7.0589 Sequence 13.2143 61.008 7.8107 Tracing1 7.5000 95.455 9.7701 Tracing2 9.8571 90.343 9.5049 Explain 6.8750 58.693 7.6611 Modification1 10.3571 86.234 9.2862 Modification2 5.7143 58.571 7.6532 Writing 4.6429 54.416 7.3767 : 20 8 2 8 a correlation coefficient table: The 2st, C college(8 skills) Basics Modification1 3 Basics Modification2(0.15025), Basics Tracing2(0.16279), Tracing2 Modification1(0.18083) 3 Basics Modification1 Modification2 Tracing2 3 4.2.4.4 Modification1 Modification2 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Writing 6 1) 0.05 0.05 R 2 = 0.48083 R 2 = 0.62334 Explain Sequence Writing R 2 = 0.54020 R 2 = 0.51804 2 R =0.67925 Tracing1 Tracing2 R 2 =0.41508 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Mod1 Mod2 Writing Basics 1.00000 Sequence 0.27302 1.00000 Tracing1 0.24716 0.40265 1.00000 Tracing2 0.16279 0.24630 0.41508 1.00000 Explain 0.28893 0.48083 0.29453 0.35705 1.00000 Mod1 0.51819 0.42507 0.41082 0.18083 0.32265 1.00000 Mod2 0.15025 0.35630 0.48632 0.41134 0.54267 0.23939 1.00000 Writing 0.33234 0.42736 0.44148 0.36230 0.62334 0.33367 0.45548 1.00000 Mod1 : Modification1 Mod2 : Modification2 R 2 = 0.27302 Basics(Data) 6 [6 ] 2 Writing Fig. 6 multiple regression analysis[6 skills]: The 2st, C college (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Writing) 1) 2 6 Writing Explain Sequence Basics 4 Explain Tracing2 1) Writing Explain 0.62334 Writing Tracing1 0.67825 Tracing1 Tracing2 0.41508 2 6 Writing Explain Sequence Basics 2 Tracing1 Writing 6 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Writing Modification1 Modification2 8 7 1) 13 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
0.05 0.05 Writing Explain Tracing1 Writing 7 Explain Modification2(P<0.001) Sequence(P=0.00595) Explain Writing Tracing1 Modification2 Sequence Modification1 R 2 = 0.16920 Tracing2 R 2 = 0.29449 R 2 = 0.38855 R 2 = 0.38916 Basics(Data) R 2 = 0.23651 R 2 = 0.32845 2 R =0.46138 R 2 =0.07454 R 2 = 0.26852 7 [8 ] 2 Writing Fig. 7 multiple regression analysis[8 skills]: The 2st, C college (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Writing) 7 4 1 Writing Explain 1) Explain 7 Explain Modification2 Tracing2 Modification2 Tracing2 Explain Sequence Basics Expalin Basics Sequence 2 Writing Writing Tracing1 Modification1 Tracing1 Modification1 Modification 3 Modification1 Modification2 Writing 4 Writing Tracing2 Tracing1 Modification2 Modification1 Basics Modification Explain 8 Modification2 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Modification1 Modification2 Writing 1) 0.05 0.05 4.2.4.5 7 Bentler CFI = 0.92653 4.1.4.5 4.3 4.3.1 1 4.3.2 4.3.2.1 2009 12 4,9 60 16 14 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Modification1 Basics(Data) R 2 = 0.41122 Tracing1 R 2 = 0.26852 Tracing2 Modification2 R 2 = 0.13126( 方向 ) R 2 = 0.35542( 方向 ) Writing R 2 = 0.29449 Explain R 2 = 0.27305 R 2 = 0.33820 R 2 = 0.38855 R 2 = 0.44481 R 2 = 0.25297( 方向 ) R 2 = 0.18264 R 2 = 0.27242( 方向 ) Sequence 8 [8 ] 2 Modification2 Fig. 8 multiple regression analysis[8 skills]: The 2st, C college (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Modification2) Java 8 Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Writing Modification1 Modification2 4.3.2.2 8 8 1 4.2.2.3 1 4.3.3 4.2.3 4.3.4 4.3.4.1 Modification Modification1 Modification2 P 9 P 0.05 9 Modification1 Sequence Modification2 Sequence Modification2 Explain Modification1, Modification2 4.3.4.2 9 Modification P Table 9 Test for independent of Modification skill: P Value Modification1 Modification2 Basics 0.3286 0.5852 Sequence 0.003615 0.02976 Tracing1 0.2889 0.0743 Tracing2 0.2031 0.06522 Explain 0.3926 0.02096 Modification1 0.4012 Modification2 0.4012 Writing 0.4215 0.1200 10 20 3 Basics Sequence Modification1 3 3 Writing Tracing2 Tracing1 Writing 3 Tracing2 Tracing1 6 6 Modification2 Explain 3 Writing 3 Tracing1 Explain Modification1 3 Tracing1 Explain Modification1 3 Basics Tracing2 Modification2 3 Basics 15 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Tracing2 Modification2 Tracing2 4.3.4.3 Table 11 10 Table 10 Basic total: U university Basics 13.1250 32.917 5.7373 Sequence 10.6250 59.583 7.7190 Tracing1 6.2500 91.667 9.5743 Tracing2 6.0625 36.462 6.0384 Explain 6.8750 72.917 8.5391 Modification1 10.3125 71.562 8.4595 Modification2 6.5625 52.396 7.2385 Writing 3.4375 55.729 7.4652 : 20 11 8 a correlation coefficient table: U university (8 skills) Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Mod1 Mod2 Writing Basics 1.00000 Sequence 0.40456 1.00000 Tracing1 0.34893 0.48486 1.00000 Tracing2 0.28263 0.29947 0.24648 1.00000 Explain 0.41674 0.48675 0.49945 0.46949 1.00000 Mod1 0.15024 0.30309 0.55046 0.31282 0.38358 1.00000 Mod2 0.51670 0.69725 0.42687 0.50094 0.65051 0.29089 1.00000 Writing 0.27726 0.59654 0.70539 0.46078 0.59807 0.56247 0.44915 1.00000 Mod1 : Modification1 Mod2 : Modification2 11 0.7 Tracing1 Writing(0.70539) 0.6 Sequence Modification2(0.69725), Explain Modification2(0.65051) 0.5 Explain Writing(0.59807), Modification1 Writing(0.56247), Tracing1 Modification1(0.55046), Basics Modification2(0.51670), Tracing2 Modification2(0.50094) 1 Writing 4 Writing Tracing1 Sequence Explain Modification1 Tracing2 Modification2 0.4 Writing Basics 2 Modification2 Sequence Explain Basics Tracing2 0.2 Basics Modification1(0.15024) 0.2 0.3 Tracing1 Tracing2(0.24648), Basics Witing(0.27726), Basics Tracing2(0.28263), Modification1 Modification2(0.29089), Sequence Tracing2(0.29947) 1 Basics Witing(0.27726), Basics Tracing2(0.28263) 2 Tracing1 Tracing2(0.24648), Modification1 Modification2(0.29089) 1 Tracing1 Modification1(0.55046), Tracing2 Modification2(0.50094) 4.3.4.4 9 Modification1 0.05 9 Tracing1 Modification1 Modification2 10 1 Modification2 Tracing2 Sequence 4.3.4.5 7 CFI =0.84468 16 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Writing Tracing1 Modification1 R 2 = 0.49757 R 2 = 0.30300 Modification2 Sequence Writing R 2 = 0.48616 R 2 = 0.35586 R 2 = 0.49757 Tracing1 Fig. 9 9 Writing multiple regression analysis: U university (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Writing) R 2 = 0.30300 Modification1 4.1.4.5 4.4. 4.4.1 12 Java 2 4.2.2.1 Java 1 4.4.2 1 Modification 3 2 Modification 6 9 3 13 3 Modification1 Basics Modification2 Basics Modification1 Tracing1 Modification2 Writing 1 Modification1 Writing 2 p =0.03074 0.05 Fig. 10 Basics(Data) Explain Tracing2 10 Modification2 multiple regression analysis: U university (Result of one by sequential analyzing the first objective variable with Modification2) 12 Table 12 Experiment outline list (1) (2) 2009.7.13 2009.9.17,18 2009.12.4,9 10 8( 3) 8 1 90 40 60 1 25 8 8 2 4 ( 1 ) 1 50 32 ( 6 ) 8 15 14 16 Java Java Java Java 1 Java 2 Java 2 17 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
p Modification1 Writing p 2 1 0 20 4 p =0.05558 Modification1 Writing 2 Modification1 Writing Modification1 Writing Modification2 Writing Table 13 13 Modification (3 ) Skill not independent of Modification (Skill common by three experiments) 4.4.3 Modification1 Modification2 Basics Sequence (U) (U) Tracing1 (1) Tracing2 (1) (1) Explain (1)(2) (2)(U) Modification1 *** (2) Modification2 (2) *** Writing (1) (1) 1 (2) 2 (U) ***: 4.4.3.1 2 1 14 4 1 14 10 p =0.01048 0.05 p =0.26678 0.05 3 Sequence(11.4286), Basics(9.2857), Modification1(7.8571) Basics(13.1250), Sequence(10.6250), Modification1(10.3125) 3 14 2 Table 14 Basics total: The 2st, C college (part)) Basics 9.2857 57.143 7.5593 Sequence 11.4286 74.725 8.6444 Tracing1 2.8571 52.747 7.2627 Tracing2 6.5714 46.571 6.8243 Explain 7.1429 33.516 5.7893 Modification1 7.8571 71.978 8.4840 Modification2 6.0714 46.841 6.8440 Writing 5.0000 69.231 8.3205 : 20 Sequence Sequence Basics 3 28.5714 34.0625 3 Tracing1(2.8571), Writing(5.0000), Modification2(6.0714) Writing(3.4375), Tracing2(6.0625), Tracing1(6.2500) 3 Modification2(6.5625) Tracing1 Tracing1 Writing Writing Tracing1 Tracing1 Writing 3 Sequence(74.725), Modification1(71.978), Writing 69.231 Tracing1(91.667), Explain(72.917), Modification1(71.562) 18 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
4.4.4 4.4.4.1 15 2 Table 15 15 2 A correlation coefficient table: The 2st, C college (part) Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Mod1 Mod2 Writing Basics 1.00000 Sequence 0.36997 1.00000 Tracing1 0.46037 0.42008 1.00000 Tracing2 0.45586 0.35021 0.61637 1.00000 Explain 0.47709 0.85637 0.39203 0.52152 1.00000 Mod1 0.27416 0.56939 0.60637 0.49443 0.64882 1.00000 Mod2 0.64784 0.49222 0.08843 0.39763 0.47148 0.14194 1.00000 Writing 0.79495 0.48127 0.76376 0.67736 0.59884 0.51761 0.337704 1.00000 Mod1 : Modification1 Mod2 : Modification2 15 11 16 16 4.1.4.3 16 ( 1 ) 0.7 Tracing1 Writing ( 2 ) 0.4 Basics Explain Basics Modification2 Sequence Tracing1 Sequence-Explain Sequence Modification2 Sequence Writing Tracing1 Modification1 Tracing2 Explain Tracing2 Writing Explain Modification2 Explain Writing Modification1 Writing ( 3 ) 0.2 ( 4 ) Tracing1 Modification1 0.5 1 Tracing1 Modification1 Table 16 16 2 Relation of the correlation coefficient between the 2st C college and U university Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Mod1 Mod2 Writing Basics Sequence Tracing1 Tracing2 Explain Mod1 Mod2 Writing : 0.7 : 0.4 0.7 : 0.2 Mod1 : Modification1 Mod2 : Modification2 ( 5 ) Tracing2 Modification2 2 0.39763 0.50094 0.4 1 Tracing2 Modification2 ( 6 ) Explain Writing 0.5 1) 2 1 Explain Writing ( 7 ) Writing Modification1 Writing Tracing1 0.5 1) 2 1 1) Writing 3.2.1 ( 8 ) Sequence Explain 0.85637 0.48675 0.36962 Sequence 19 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Explain Sequence Explain ( 9 ) Tracing1 Tracing2 0.61637 0.24648 0.36989 Tracing1 Tracing2 Tracing1 Tracing2 2 8 11 1 0.5 Explain Modification2 Explain Writing Explain Modification2(0.54267), Explain Writing(0.62334) Explain Modification2(0.65051), Explain Writing(0.59807) Modification2 Explain Writing 0.4 0.5 Sequence Tracing1 Sequence Explain Sequence Writing Tracing1 Writing Tracing2 Modification2 Modification2 Writing 0.3 Basics Tracing2 Basics Tracing2(0.16279) Basics Tracing2(0.28263) 0.3 Basics Modification1 Basics Modification2 0.2 0.3 Sequence Modification2 Tracing1 Explain Tracing1 Writing Modification1 Writing Modification2 Explain Writing 2 Basics 4.4.4.2 1 5 2 8 2 15 11 4 4 0.5 4 0.4 Sequence Tracing1 Traicng Modification1 Tracing1 Writing Tracing2 Modification2 Explain Modification2 Explain Writing Tracing2 Modification2 2 0.39763 0.4 4.4.5 Writing 1) 2 1 4 2 7 9 4 ( 1 ) 3 Writing Tracing1 Modification1 3 1 4Writing Modification1 Basics Tracing1 2 7Writing Tracing1 Modification1 Basics 9 Writing Tracing1 Modification1 Tracing2 Modification2 ( 2 ) 4 7 Writing Tracing2 1) 20 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
1) Writing 4 Writing Writing Modification1 Tracing1 Data Writing Tracing2 Modification2 Basics Sequence 7 Writing Tracing1 Modification1 Writing Tracing1 Modification1 Tracing2 Modification2 Writing ( 3 ) 7 Writing Explain Sequence Basics 1) 4.4.6 7 ( 1 ) 2 1) 7 ( 2 ) 19 ( 3 ) 4 1 Writing 10 ( 4 ) 5 1 Modification2 10 ( 5 ) 7 2 Writing 8 ( 6 ) 8 2 Modification2 8 ( 7 ) 6 2 Writing 6 (5) Modification1 Modification2 17 Warning 2 Data 2 4.2.2.1 Data Basics Data Warning Table 17 17 Bentler CFI Covariance structure analysis results(bentler CFI Value) (1) (2) (2): (1) 2 0.33456(W) 0.40668(W) 0.34819(W) 0.19589(W) (2) 1 0.46905(W) 0.56764(W) 0.59244(W) 0.28764(W) (3) 4 0.92594(W) 0.61804(W) 0.32892(W) 0.11000(W) (4) 5 0.83671(W) 0.43806(W) 0.22339(W) 0.06742(W) (5) 7 0.68935(W) 0.92653 0.84468 0.51330 (6) 8 0.77099(W) 0.97775(W) 0.82456(W) 0.57011(W) (7) 6 0.32188(W) 0.99325(W) 0.99210 0.79956(W) (W)Warning (1) 1 (2) 2 1 2 4 1 Explain Writing 1 Writing Explain 17 1 4 2 7 8 6 6 5 1 Writing 2 7 CFI 0.9 8) (1),(2),(4) (3) 1 (6) (5) Modification (7) 1 2 Modification 2 2 4.4.7 Modification 21 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
Modification Modification Explain 5. ( 1 ) ( a ) Modification ( b ) Modification 7 ( 2 ) ( a ) Writing Explain Sequence Basics 1) 2 ( b ) Tracing1 1) 2 ( c ) Basics Tracing1 Data Sequence 1) C U computer science education, pp.119 150 (2004). 4) Whalley, J.L., Lister, R., Thompson, E., Clear, T., Robbins, P., Kumar, P. K.A. and Prasad, C.: An Australasian study of reading and comprehension skills in novice programmers, using the bloom and SOLO taxonomies, ACE 06: Proceedings of the 8th Austalian conference on Computing education, Australian Computer Society, Inc., pp.243 252 (2006). 5) Lister, R., Fidge, C. and Teague, D.: Further evidence of a relationship between explaining, tracing and writing skills in introductory programming, ITiCSE 09: Proceedings of the 14th annual ACM SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education, ACM, pp.161 165 (2009). 6) Simon, Lopez, M., Sutton, K. and Clear, T.: Surely We Must Learn to Read before We Learn to Write!, Eleventh Australasian Computing Education Conference (ACE 2009) (Hamilton, M. and Clear, T., eds.), CRPIT, Vol.95, Australian Computer Society, Inc., pp.165 170 (2009). 7) (2004). 8) (2005). 9) [ ] (1998). 1) Lopez, M., Whalley, J., Robbins, P. and Lister, R.: Relationships between reading, tracing and writing skills in introductory programming, ICER 08: Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on Computing education research, pp.101 112 (2008). 2) McCracken, M., Almstrum, V., Diaz, D., Guzdial, M., Hagan, D., Kolikant, Y. B.-D., Laxer, C., Thomas, L., Utting, I. and Wilusz, T.: A multi-national, multiinstitutional study of assessment of programming skills of first-year CS students, SIGCSE Bull., Vol.33, No.4, pp.125 180 (2001). 3) Lister, R., Adams, E.S., Fitzgerald, S., Fone, W., Hamer, J., Lindholm, M., Mc- Cartney, R., Moström, J.E., Sanders, K., Seppälä, O., Simon, B. and Thomas, L.: A multi-national study of reading and tracing skills in novice programmers, ITiCSE- WGR 04: Working group reports from ITiCSE on Innovation and technology in 22 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
A.1 Basics ================================================================= Java [ ] 1 class Q0405{ 2 public static void main(string[] args) 3 int c = 0; 4 if ( c = 0 ){ 5 System.out.println("0 "); 6 } else { 7 System.out.println(c); 8 } 9 } 10 } [ ] a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 f) 6 g) 7 h) 8 i) 9 j) 10 Sequence ================================================================= [] xxxx 1 xxxx [ ] 1 class Q0508{ 2 public static void main(string[] args){ 3 int a; 4 int b; 5 a = 5; 6 a *= 4; 7 a /= 2; 8 b = a + 10; 9 b += a * 4; 10 xxxx 1 xxxx 11 System.out.println(b); 12 } 13 } [] >java Q0508 50 [ ] a) b -= a; b) b *= a; c) b /= a; d) b += a; e) b -= a * 2; Tracing1 ================================================================= [ ] 1 class Q0704{ 2 int a = 1; 3 public static void main(string[] args){ 4 int a = 2; 5 Q0704 b = new Q0704(); 6 a = 3; 7 b.a = 4; 8 b.show(a); 23 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
9 a = 5; 10 } 11 void show(int a){ 12 System.out.println(a); 13 } 14 } [ ] a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 4 f) 5 g) null Tracing2 ================================================================= a,b,c [ ] 1 class Q0755{ 2 public static void main(string[] args){ 3 int a = 0; 4 for (int b = 0; b < 3; b++){ 5 for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++){ 6 a++; 7 if (b == 1) 8 System.out.println("a= " + a + ", b= " + b + ", c= " + c); 9 } 10 } 11 } 12 } [ ] a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 4 f) 5 g) 6 h) 7 i) 8 j) 9 k) 10 l) 11 m) 12 n) 13 Explain ================================================================= [ ] 1 import java.util.scanner; 2 class Q1008{ 3 public static void main(string[] args){ 4 Scanner stdin = new Scanner(System.in); 5 System.out.print("a= "); 6 int a = stdin.nextint(); 7 double[] b = new double[a]; 8 double e = 0.0; 9 for (int i = 0; i < a; i++){ 10 System.out.print("b[" + i + "] = "); 11 b[i] = stdin.nextdouble(); 12 e += b[i]; 13 } 14 System.out.println(e / b.length); 15 } 16 } Writing ================================================================= 1 0 2 1 0 [] 1) char charat(int index) index [ ] a String a = "Nagoya"; "Nagoya" 3 "g" ans char ans = a.charat(2); a.charat(2) "Nagoya" 1 "N" 0 2 "a" 24 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan
1 0 3 "g" 2 2) int length() 3) int indexof(string str) -1 4) String substring(int beginindex) beginindex 5) String substring(int beginindex, int endindex) beginindex endindex [] sample 2 5 " ".substring(2,5) [ ] Pname 3 4 "t" 1)- 4) Pnametarzepp3 1) Pname 2) taro 3) zeppelin 4) fortunate [ ][ ] ans 25 c 2010 Information Processing Society of Japan