TTP & Agriculture Policy in Japan Satoshi Kurokawa Prof. Waseda University
Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Basic Act (1999) Article 18(Measures for Imports and Exports of Agricultural Products) (1) The State shall take necessary measures such as tariff rate adjustments and import restrictions, where urgently required, when certain imports have or are likely to have serious adverse effect on the production of domestic agricultural products that compete against imports.
Japan is now an obstacle to TPP agreement Lowering or eliminating import tariffs on the sacred five farm products seems unacceptable. rice, wheat, beef & pork, dairy products and sugar crops. 聖域農業 5 品目 TPP would reduce 3 trillion Yen agricultural output. Food security Why weak? Small farm land fragmented & inefficient Ageing farmers integration of farm land to active farmers
demand and supply of food (2) Target 2020 70 50
Small farm land(1) farmland-reform after WWⅡ 農地改革 Land ownership was transferred from landlords to peasants(tenant farmers) Small owner-cultivators with 1ha field Basic Law of Agriculture(1961) 農業基本法 Supporting expansion in the size of farm to increase farmers income to balance it with city workers. Increase of part-time farmers 兼業農家 Farm size remained small but farmers got income as employees. They didn t sell their farm land to full-time farmers(commercial farmers).
Farm size, 1965-2005
Small farm land(2) Agricultural Land Act(1952) 農地法 Farm land to be cultivated by its owner Only farmers could purchase farm land. Impossible for new entrants to buy farm land and start agriculture production. 新規参入困難 Farm land owners intended to change their farm land into that for other uses and sell the land to developers. So farmers were reluctant to sell or lease their farm land to other farmers.
農地法 第一条この法律は 耕作者自らによる農地の所有が果たしてきている重要な役割も踏まえつつ 農地を農地以外のものにすることを規制するとともに 農地を効率的に利用する耕作者による地域との調和に配慮した農地についての権利の取得を促進し 並びに農地の農業上の利用を確保するための措置を講ずることにより 耕作者の地位の安定と国内の農業生産の増大を図り もって国民に対する食料の安定供給の確保に資することを目的とする
farmers are ageing The biggest threat is not trade liberalization but Japan s rapidly ageing farmers. Young people in farmer family seldom succeeded their family s agricultural business, because of low income. The number of farmer has declined a lot. The share of elder people in farmer is increasing. Less cultivated land & more abandoned farm land Active farmers( 担い手農家 ) are wanted. certified agricultural operators(act on Promotion of Improvement of Agricultural Management Foundation)
Contribution of agriculture to the economy, 1960-2005
Size and age structure of the agricultural labor force, 1960-2005
Agriculture structure change The Agricultural Land Act amendment of 2009 changed the principle The Act support farmers who borrow farmland. Companies can borrow farmland up to 50 years. Certified farmer system in 1993 super L loan system for certified farmers in 1994 have helped accelerate the mobilization. corporation farms Numbers of newly employed farmers is increasing
Corporation farms( 法人経営体 ) expanding
New farmers coming
SATOYAMA 里山
the Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural areas(1999) 食料 農業 農村基本法 1) Securing stable food supply 2) Fulfilling the multi-functional role of agriculture ( 多面的機能 )such as conservation of national land, water resources and natural environment and maintenance of desirable landscapes and cultural traditions. 3) Sustainable agricultural development by maintaining agricultural production basis including farmland, irrigation/drainage, and a workforce. 4) Development of rural areas through improvements in agricultural production.
Basic Law on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas Article 3(Fulfillment of Multifunctional Role) In consideration of the importance of maintaining the stable life of the citizens and the national economy, multiple roles that agriculture plays through stable production in rural areas including conservation of national land, water resources, natural environment, formation of good landscape and respect for the cultural tradition in addition to its conventional role as a primary food supplier (hereinafter referred to as 'multifunctional role'), shall be fully fulfilled for the future. Article 4(Sustainable Agricultural Development) In consideration of importance of its conventional role as a primary food supplier and its multifunctional role, sustainable development of agriculture shall be promoted by securing agricultural facilities including necessary farmlands, water for agricultural use, other agricultural resources and workforce; establishing a desirable agricultural structure with an effective combination of aforementioned elements based on regional characteristics; maintaining and improving natural cyclical function of agriculture. (This term means the function of agriculture in stimulating biological and physical cycle in nature while being strongly influenced by the cycle. This definition shall be referred to hereinafter.)
Supporting Farmers price support policy Import tariff, production adjustment (gentan, 減反 ) Direct subsidy to farmers Direct payment program to farmers to support continuing farming, especially in low productivity area like terraced paddy field in mountainous area. payment to ecosystem service EU CAP
食料 農業 農村基本法 ( 多面的機能の発揮 ) 第三条国土の保全 水源のかん養 自然環境の保全 良好な景観の形成 文化の伝承等農村で農業生産活動が行われることにより生ずる食料その他の農産物の供給の機能以外の多面にわたる機能 ( 多面的機能 ) については 国民生活及び国民経済の安定に果たす役割にかんがみ 将来にわたって 適切かつ十分に発揮されなければならない ( 農業の持続的な発展 ) 第四条農業については その有する食料その他の農産物の供給の機能及び多面的機能の重要性にかんがみ 必要な農地 農業用水その他の農業資源及び農業の担い手が確保され 地域の特性に応じてこれらが効率的に組み合わされた望ましい農業構造が確立されるとともに 農業の自然循環機能 ( 農業生産活動が自然界における生物を介在する物質の循環に依存し かつ これを促進する機能をいう 以下同じ ) が維持増進されることにより その持続的な発展が図られなければならない