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1 Influences of mortality from main causes of death on life expectancy. \ An observation for the past 25 years, , in Japan \ Takao SHIGEMATSU* and Zenji NANJO** With the Keyfitz-Nanjo method an observation was made on the data of Japanese longevity and mortality for the past 25 years from 1950 to Prolongations of longevity by mortality decline of selected 12 causes for five quinquenial years were calculated. As an application of the method, estimations of length of life at birth in 1980 and of effects of mortality decline in a specified age group were also made. The results were summerised as follows. (1) The calculated prolongations were close to the observed ones and the results were well conformed to the observed relations of past mortality and longevity in Japan. The method provide a good tool to evaluate the effect of certain death cause to expectation of life. (2) Rapid decline of infectious disease mortalities played a main role on the large prolongation of longevity in 1950's, 65% of total prolongation for male and 59% for female in the period of , but their influences decreased with the mortality decline, 49%, 43% in , and 17%, 33% in for male and female respectively. (3) Influences of adult diseases were gradually increasing since 1960's with the aging of the population and in the last 5 year period, , cerebrovascular diseases became the largest contributor to the longevity prolongation, 26% for male and 24% for female and influences of 5 adult diseases accounted for 34% and 40% of total prolongation for male and female respectively. 4) Influences of remaining causes, senility and external causes varied from time to time reflecting socio-economic conditions in Japan. 5) Although estimated life expectancy in 1980 was wide of the mark because Japanese longevity in 1980 was shortened due to unexpected reasons, the method gave reasonable estimates and seemed to be available for estimation of longevity in the near future. Estimation of the effects of mortality decline for age would be an useful index in diesease control programme.

2

3 Table 1 Averge Length of Life at Birth in Japan, Source: Complete life tables, Ministry of Health & Welfare * Complete life table, Mizushima, H, et al. # Abridged life table, Ministry of Health & Welfare

4 Table 2 Percent of Total Deaths for 10 Leading Causes of Death, 1950, 196 and 1975 Source: Vital Statistics in Japan 1950, 1965, 1975

5 Fig.1 Crude mortality rates for selected causes of death by sex, Source: Vital Sltatistics Report

6 Table 3 Age-adjusted Death Rates for Selected Causes of Death in Japan, Standard population: 1935 census population of all Japan by sex Source: Standardized Death Rates for Main Causes of Death, 1975

7 Percent decrease was calculated from age-adjusted death rates Negative sigh indicates increase in mortality

8 Table 5 Prolongation of Life Expectancy Resulted from Observed Decrease of Selected Causes of Death and Their Percent of Total Prolongation in Japan, Negative sign means decrease of life expectancy due to increase of mortality for the cause

9 Table 6 Expected Prolongation of Life Expectancy When a Certain Cause of Death Was Completely Eliminated, 1975, Japan Source: 1975 Prefecture Life Tables in Japan. Health and Welfare Stat. Assoc Table 7 Estimated Expectation of Life at Birth in 1980

10 Table 8 Estimated Prolongation of Length of Life at Birth When Mortalities from 3 Adult Diseases for Age Were Decreased by a Given Rate, 1978

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12 Greville, T.N.E.: On the Formula for the L- Function in a Special Mortality Table Eliminating a Given Cause of Death. ; Transactions of the Society of Actuaries 6 (1), 1-5, 1954 Keyfitz, N.: What Difference Would It Make If Cancer Were Eradicated? An Examination of The Taeuber Paradox.; Demography 14, , 1977 Nanjo, Z.: A Simple Method of Measuring the Increase of Life Expectancy When A Fixed Percent of Deaths From Certain Causes Are Eliminated.:IIASA Collaborative Paper, CP , 1980

13 Appendix I Coefficients Cix to Calculate Prolongation of Expectation of Life at Birth in 1978, Japan

14 Appendix U Coefficients Ctx to Calculculate Prolongation of Expectation of Life at Age 65 in 1978, Japan

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