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2 ISO ISO/IEC Guide NEC km. NEC..

4 NEC supplier s declaration of conformity ISO/IEC Guide : General Criteria for Supplier s Declaration of Conformity Guide JIS Q supplier s declaration of conformity Guide,,. assurance of conformity Guide,

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19 E CO de/english/navigation/body_blaeur_engel.htm eu.int/comm/environment/ecolabel/producers/ Consumeres International:, a, Green Claims: Environmental Claims on Products and Packaging in the Shops, An International Study, at consumersinternational.org, b, A Guide to the International Green Claims Code: ISO14021: Environmental Labels and Declarations Self-declared Environmental Claims, at consumersinternational.org. European Commission,, Outline of a Possible Community Approach in the Area of Green Claims : Consultation Document, available at The European Union Eco-Labelling Board, at ecolabel, To Receive the EU Eco-Label, Refrigerators Must Meet the Following Ecological and Durability Criteria, at comm/environment/ecolabel, To Receive the EU Eco-Label Washing Machines Must Meet the Following Ecological and Performance Criteria, at int/comm/environment/ecolabel, To Receive the EU Eco-Label, Portable Computers Must Meet the Following Ecological and Durability Criteria, at int/comm/environment/ecolabel/producers/ ISO (International Organization for Standardization),, ISO14020, Environmental Labels and Declarations - General Principles., a, ISO14021, Environmental Labels and Declarations: Self-Declared Environmental Claims., b, Marks of Conformity Assessment : A Brief Report on Current Practices in the Use of Marks of Conformity Assessment, Including Marks of Conformity and Logos, at iso.ch, ISO and Conformity Assessment, at conformity/iso conformity.html, How Conformity Assessment Works, at Benefits of Conformity Assessment, at

20 ISO/IEC,, Guide 22 : General Criteria for Supplier s Declaration of Conformity. Leubuscher, S., Hager, W., Wattiez, C., Mombru, J. F., Liaska, E.,, Study on Verification and Control of Environmental Product Claims Final Report, (Prospect C&S for DG Health and Consumer protection), at int/comm/consumers/policy/developments/ envi-clai/indexen.html>, (visited Apr., ). RAL Deutsches Institut für Gütesicherung und Kennzeichnung, Basic Criteria for Award of the Environmental Label Portable Computer RAL-UZ 93, at english/navigation/body_blaeur_engel.htm,, a GPN, b GPN, c, GPN, a, b, c, news/news_info_.html. ISO: pp.-., a,, b,,, JIS Q NEC NEC,

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25 Supplier s Declaration of Conformity in Type II Environmental Labeling: The Reliability of Self-Imposed Requirements on Eco-Products and Marks of Conformity Assessment TAKEHAMA Asami : Recently, the proliferation of environmental logos and claims on eco-products has created a need for accurate environmental labeling and clear ecological criteria of logos. Many kinds of environmental logos are used by manufacturers on their products, however, very few consumers know and understand the meanings and ecological criteria of these logos. Environmental marketing claims and logos without independent third-party certification are classified as self-declared environmental claims. This research has made clear the problems in environmental logos classified as self-declared environmental claims, with reference to ISO and ISO/IEC Guides 22, from the viewpoint of green consumers. The ISO/IEC Guides 22 provides rules on supplier s declarations of conformity. I have examined environmental logos on electrical appliances, computers, printers, stationery, and automobiles. The use of environmental logos can be classified in the following three ways. a) A company s environmental symbol Some environmental logos are used for expressing a company s attitudes toward reducing environmental impacts associated with its business activities. This type of environmental logo is a symbol to indicate a company s efforts in environmental protection. As a result, a company s environmental symbol gives the visual image to customers that a company makes efforts to manage its own environmental issues. When a company s environmental symbol appears on a product or is used with advertising, consumers might assume that this product is superior to other products in terms of environmental impact. b) A mark of eco-products, supplier s conformity assessment Many producers use a logo in order to claim that a product causes less environmental stress than other products. Some of these manufacturers use this kind of logo to indicate that their products have surpassed their self-imposed restraints of environmental stress. Therefore, this is a mark of eco-products, which means products conform to the manufacturer s own ecological criteria. These logos are classified as a declaration of conformity assessment by suppliers. These ecological criteria and the company s conformity assessment are not certified by an independent third party. Because of this, in order to maintain accuracy and reliability of these types of environmental logos, the self-imposed ecological criteria should be clear and disclosed in detail to consumers. Nevertheless, some producers have vague and non-concrete criteria. Some manufacturers do not disclose their ecological criteria in detail. Associate Professor of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Ritsumeikan University

26 c) A trade mark for eco-products Some environmental logos are used as trade marks or brand names for eco-products. Sometimes eco-products have double brand names. One is the name of the individual product and the other is the name of the series of eco-products. Manufacturers often use brand names, such as Green Net or Eco-Mate, for a series of their eco-products because they intend to make their products stand out in the so-called green purchasing market. Products with these environmental trademarks are not always superior to other products because they have no clear criteria for environmental performance. Consequently, there is a possibility that consumers might be misled and believe that environmental trade marks show a product to be superior to others with regard to environmental stress. : eco-products, type II environmental labeling, ISO/IEC Guides 22, marks of conformity assessment, supplier s declaration of conformity

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