( ) Christian Sandor
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1 NAIST-IS-MT
2 ( ) Christian Sandor
3 2 14., NAIST-IS-MT , i
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5 Effect of tourist maps with added location information on tourists Akihiro Biro Abstract The number of tourists using electronic maps on their smart phone are increacing. On the other hand, some tourists use electronic maps with paper tourist maps. Most electronic maps are general purpose maps, general purpose maps are, however, unfit for tourism. Paper tourist maps don t have user s location information. These two maps have different benefits, so some tourists use both types of maps; general purpose maps and paper tourist maps. The purpose of this study is to observe the effect on tourists when they use tourist maps with added location information. This study shows the difference in usefulness between a tourist map that shows the users location, and a general purpose map that shows the users location. We asked tourists to compare two maps for use in tourism, took videos to observe users behavior, and requested them to answer questionnaires. Based on our results, augumented tourist maps decrease users uneasy feeling and the risk of losing their ways. The users preferred augumented tourist maps over conventional electronic maps. Keywords: tourism, tourist map, location information, electronic map, augumented tourist maps Master s Thesis, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST-IS-MT , March 14, iii
6 General Path Position iv
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9 [5] [6] [7] [22] [12] [19] [11] [25] [26] vii
10 ( ) / [24] viii
11 ( ) ( ) ( )/ ( )/ : : ix
12 Google Maps [2] Yahoo! [3] 1
13 Web PDF GPS GPS GPS [27] 2 [10] [24] 2 2
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15 1 4
16 [5] % 38.8% 46.3% % 26% 26.1%
![2 [5] 3](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/17-1.jpg "26 [6] 6")
17 2 [5] 3 26 [6] 6
18 [4] [1][30] 2.3 Tolman [17] Shemyakin [15] Sadalla [14] Byrne 90 [9] 4 7
![図 4 意図的に道路の形を歪ませた地図例 [7] Garling らは移動課題における情報処理モデルをプランニングと実行の２段階 で考えるモデルを提唱した [10] プランニングは情報へのアクセス 目的地と訪 れる順序の設定 目的地へのルート決定の工程で構成され 実行段階では場の再 認 進路の維持と予期を行う 人間は環境中から情報を抽出して移動課題を遂行 している](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/19-0.jpg "移動課題の認知プロセスを表す情報処理モデルは多く提唱されている 移動課題のモデルは他にもいくつか提唱されているものの [8][13] 表 1 に示すよ うにこれらのモデルはプランニングと実行を詳細に分割したモデルであると言え る [24][16] このうち プランニングは紙の観光地図が得意とし 実行は一般携帯 電子地図が得意としている それぞれの地図が得意とする部分が違うため 2 つ")
19 図 4 意図的に道路の形を歪ませた地図例 [7] Garling らは移動課題における情報処理モデルをプランニングと実行の２段階 で考えるモデルを提唱した [10] プランニングは情報へのアクセス 目的地と訪 れる順序の設定 目的地へのルート決定の工程で構成され 実行段階では場の再 認 進路の維持と予期を行う 人間は環境中から情報を抽出して移動課題を遂行 している 移動課題の認知プロセスを表す情報処理モデルは多く提唱されている 移動課題のモデルは他にもいくつか提唱されているものの [8][13] 表 1 に示すよ うにこれらのモデルはプランニングと実行を詳細に分割したモデルであると言え る [24][16] このうち プランニングは紙の観光地図が得意とし 実行は一般携帯 電子地図が得意としている それぞれの地図が得意とする部分が違うため 2 つ の同じ場所の地図を手にして見比べる観光者が現われる 2.4 地図作成と地図の評価実験 北山らは観光に用いられる地図を Google Maps や Yahoo!地図のような一般 図に近い地図を General 型地図 目的地点までの道案内をするための Path 型地 図 オブジェクトの配置関係を示すための Position 型地図の３種類に分類してい る [20] ３種類の地図という観点から 観光と地図の関係について概観していく 8
20 2.4.1 General [22] Google Maps API Path Path Kopf Google Maps [12] 6 [19] 7 1 [24] Garling [10] Oatley[24] Board[8] 9
![5 [22] 10](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/21-0.jpg)
21 5 [22] 10
![6 [12] Kopf 2.4.3 Position Position [28], [29] GIS [18].](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/22-0.jpg "[21] Grabler Google Maps [11] San Francisco Market Street ( 8")
22 6 [12] Kopf Position Position [28], [29] GIS [18].[21] Grabler Google Maps [11] San Francisco Market Street ( 8 TIN 11
![7 [19] 8](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/23-1.jpg "[11] 12")
23 7 [19] 8 [11] 12
![[23] [25] ( 9 9](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/24-0.jpg "[25] [26] 10 13")
24 [23] [25] ( 9 9 [25] [26] 10 13
![10 [26] 2.](/docs-images/92/110956004/images/25-0.jpg "5 General Path Position Path Position Path")
25 10 [26] 2.5 General Path Position Path Position Path Position Path Position Position 14
26 [12][19] 15
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28 GoogleMapsAPI 12 GoogleMaps GoogleMaps GoogleMaps 12 GoogleMaps GoogleMaps GoogleMaps Web GoogleMapsAPI
29 12 18
30 n
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32 15 PC ipad 16 PC ipad ipad 2 21
33 図 16 実験環境 22
34 一般携帯電子地図 GoogleMapsAPI を用いて実験エリアの地図を表示 ストリー トビューが表示している位置とゴールまでのルートを地図上に表示した 図 17 左 観光携帯電子地図 紙の観光地図を GoogleMapsAPI を用いて表示 地図の拡大 縮小を行えるようにした 加えて ストリートビューが表示している位置とゴー ルまでのルートを地図上に表示した 図 17 右 図 17 観光地移動における地図の比較 研究室内 実験結果 それぞれストリートビュー上でスタートからゴールまでにかかった移動時間は 図 18 のような結果となった グラフ上の数値はユーザごとの所要時間 グラフ下 部の丸囲み数字はどのユーザが行ったものかを示す スタートからゴールまでの 移動にかかる所要時間に対して 地図の種類による差はほとんど見られなかった それぞれのエリアで移動が完了したのち 回答されたアンケートの結果は表 3 の通り 表中の数値は はい いいえ の 2 択ではい を選んだ人数 6 人中 を 示す 観光携帯電子地図は一般携帯電子地図と比較して ルートを迷わずにたどるこ とができ 地図が見やすく 道中不安を感じづらいという結果となった 23
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36 API GoogleMaps 19 GoogleMaps GoogleMaps 20 GoogleMaps GoogleMaps GoogleMaps Web GoogleMapsAPI 21 25
37 図 19 文字情報なし一般携帯電子地図 観光地情報 図 20 一般携帯電子地図 観光地情報 図 21 観光携帯電子地図 26
38
39 total
40 total
41 A B [27] GoogleMapsAPI 30
42 GoogleMapsAPI QR QR
43 図 24 実験の様子 32
44 A B A B A
45 図 25 設定したチェックポイント 34
46 10 (A) (B) (A) (B)
47 GoogleMaps ( ) ( ) 2 36
48 2 A B [27] 37
49 3.6.1 実験の流れ 奈良先端科学技術大学院大学内にて実験をおこなった ユーザの予備知識の少 ないエリアを選択し 選択されたエリアに対してそれぞれ 3 パターンの地図を作 成した 実験ではデスクトップ PC と ipad を用意した 図 26 デスクトップ PC では ストリートビューを表示し ipad にて地図を表示 地図上にストリートビューで の位置 方角とゴールとなる赤い印を表示した ユーザには地図を見ながら地図 上の赤い印までストリートビューを用いて移動するように伝えた 加えて ipad の画面には画面切替ボタンが表示されており ボタンをタップすると画面の暗転 と地図表示が切り替わる 図 27 ユーザになるべく早く地図上の赤い印まで移動すること 地図の表示時間をな るべく少なくすること 地図の表示回数をなるべく減らすように伝え ストリー トビュー上での移動を練習したのち実験を行った 図 26 実験環境 それぞれのエリアで移動が完了したのち スタートからゴールまでの地図とア ンケートに記入してもらった アンケートの内容は以下の通り 迷っているのではないかと不安になったか 38
50 ipad GoogleMapsAPI 28 ipad GoogleMapsAPI 29 + ipad GoogleMapsAPI 2 ipad 2 GoogleMapsAPI 30 39
51 図 28 一般携帯電子地図 図 29 観光携帯電子地図 40
52 図 30 観光案内地図 (位置 方角なし) 実験結果 以上の実験を行い 以下のような結果が得られた 所要時間 それぞれスタートからゴールまでにかかった時間 地図の表示時間 表示回数は表 の通り 地図を確認する時間 回数は観光携帯電子地図が一 般携帯電子地図 紙の観光地図と比べて少なくなった 表 13 スタートからゴールまでの平均所要時間 (分 秒) 天川村 一般携帯電子地図 一般携帯電子地図 観光携帯電子地図 +観光地図 平均
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55 18 :
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58 GPS GPS POINT GPS id POINT GPS Google Maps JavaScript API GPS
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85 [1] ATR Creative -. jp/burari/. [2] Google Maps. [3] Yahoo! -. yahoo.co.jp/. [4] USJ. usj.co.jp/app/. [5] html. [6] [7]. [8] Christopher Board. Map reading tasks appropriate in experimental studies in cartographic communication. Journal of Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 15(1):1 12, [9] Roger W Byrne. Memory for urban geography. Journal of The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31(1): , [10] Tommy Garling, Anders Book, and Erik Lindberg. Cognitive mapping of large-scale environments the interrelationship of action plans, acquisition, and orientation. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 16(1):3 34, [11] Floraine Grabler, Maneesh Agrawala, Robert W Sumner, and Mark Pauly. Automatic generation of tourist maps, volume 27. ACM,
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THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRONICS, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERS TECHNICAL REPORT OF IEICE.,, 464 8601 470 0393 101 464 8601 E-mail: matsunagah@murase.m.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp, {ide,murase,hirayama}@is.nagoya-u.ac.jp,
Powered by TCPDF ( Title 地理情報科学を用いた外国人観光客向け観光防災地図と政策提案 : 鎌倉市をケーススタディーとして Sub Title Geographical Information Science in tourism/evacuatio
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Title 地理情報科学を用いた外国人観光客向け観光防災地図と政策提案 : 鎌倉市をケーススタディーとして Sub Title Geographical Information Science in tourism/evacuation map for foreign visitors and its policy implication
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