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15 Beare, Margaret E, 1999, "Illegal Migration: Personal Tragedies, Social Problems, or National Security Threats?," Phil Williams ed., Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade, London: Frank Cass, Brettell, C. B. and J. F. Hollifield eds., 2000, Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, New York: Routledge. Brug, W. van der, Meindert Fennema and Jean Tillie, 2000, "Anti-immigrant Ideological or' Protest Vote?," European Journal of Political Research, 37: Castles, S., 2003, "The Factors that Make and Unmake Migration Policies," International Review, 38 (3): , 2004, "Why Migration Policies Fail," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 27 (2): Parties in Europe: Migration and M. J. Miller, 1993, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, London: Macmillan. ( = 1996, Collyer, Michael, 2005, "Secret Agents: Anarchists, Islamists and Responses to Politically Active Refugees in London," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28 (2): Freeman, G., 2004, "Immigrant Incorporation in Western Democracies," International Migration Review, 38(3): Gare, A., 2003, "Aboriginals, Colonists and Multiculturalism: The Dialectic of Recognition and Social Exclusion in Australian History," Doris Weiss ed., Social Exclusion: An Approach to the Australian Case, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, Gitlin, Tod, 1995, The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wrecked by Culture Wars, New York: Henry Holt. Heater, D., 1999, What is Citizenship?, Oxford: Blackwell. Heckmann, F., 2004, "Illigal Migration: What Can We Know and What Can We Explain? The Case of Germany," International Migration Review, 38 (3): Hollified, J. M., 2000, "The Politics of International Migration: How Can We 'Bring the State Back in'?," C. B. Brettell, and J. F. Hollifield eds., Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, New York: Routledge, , 2004, "The Emerging Migration State," International Migration Review, 38(3): Huysmans, J. 2,000, "The European Union and the Securitization of Migration," Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5): Ignazi, Piero, 2002, "The Development of the Extreme Right at the End of the Century," P. H. Merkle and Leonard Weinberg eds., 2003, Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century, London: Frank Cass,

16 Jackman, W. Robert and Ross A. Miller, 2004, Before Norms: Institutions and Civic Culture, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Joppke, C., 1998, "Why Liberal States Accept Undocumented Immigration," World Politics, 50: Jupp, J., 2002, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Kymlicka, W., 1995, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kyle, D. and R. Koslowski eds., 2001, Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Lack, J., 2003, "Australian Immigration: Policy and History," Doris Weiss ed., Social Exclusion: An Approach to the Australian Case, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, Lynch, J. P. and R. J. Simon, 2003, Immigration the World Over: Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield. Situates, Politics, and Practices, Merkle, Peter H. and Leonard Weinberg eds., 2003, Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-First Century, London: Frank Cass. Massey, D. and C. Capoferro, 2004, "Measuring Undocumented Migration," International Review, 38 (3): Migration Morris-Suzuki, T., 2004,

17 Schwartz, Gail G. and William Neikierk, 1983, The Work Revolution, New York: Rawson Associates. Stalker, Peter, 1994, The Work of Strangers: A Survey of International Labour Migration, Geneva: International Labour Office. Thranhardt, D., 1992, Europe: A New Immigration Continent, Policies and Politics in Comparative Perspective, Hamburg: Lit Verlag. Torpey, J. C., 2000, The Invention of Passport: Cambridge University Press. Surveillance, Citizenship and the State, Cambridge: Weiss, D., ed., 2003, Social Exclusion: An Approach to the Australian Case, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Williams, Phil, ed., 1999, Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade, London: Frank Cass. Immigration Policy Dilemma in Multicultural States: Neo-liberalism, Democracy, and Multiculturalism SEKINE, Masami Keio University sekine@law.keio.acjp The author of this article will try to show a serious dilemma caused by the immigration policies, based on the neo-liberal economic ideology among developed countries. Immigration policies based on the neo-liberal economic ideology have recently been rapidly consolidated by governments in developed countries, in order to reduce the number of unwanted and illegal migrants and settlers on the one hand and to increase the number of highly educated and well-qualified young migrants from the Third World countries on the other hand. As a result, many migrants without these

18 highly regarded qualifications are likely to be excluded by developed countries. However, some migrants and refugees, sometimes including illegal aliens, are actually permitted to enter into developed countries as settlers, based on humanitarian considerations which the liberal democracies cannot ignore. However, those who are permitted to enter into developed countries are likely to be socially marginalized and excluded. This is because, under the influence of the neo-liberal economic ideology, the welfare state policies including multicultural policies have weakened steadily. This trend, which tends to socially exclude minority groups such as migrants and refugees come from the Third World countries, cannot be ignored, whenever we look at recent immigration and multicultural affaires in developed countries, including Australia and Japan. Key words: globalization of international migration, paradox of liberal democracy or liberal paradox, economic multiculturalism

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$*._.W.\..Vol.8-2/1-4/SFG$ Banks, J.A. (2003). Teaching Strategies for Ethnic Studies (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Banks, J.A. (2004). Democratic Citizenship Education in Multicultural Societies. In J. A. Banks (Ed.), Diversity