予防的取組方法 （Precautionary Approach）と 予防原則 （Precautionary Principle）
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1 - - index.html
2 NGO
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4 Stakeholders
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6 Precautionary Principle The Principle of Precautionary Action Precautionary Approach Precautionary Measures Precautionary Action Preventive Action
7 precautionary principle
8 EU PRECAUPRI Precautionary Principle Precautionary Approach Prevention
9 NO YES YES YES YES NO prevention ( Precautionar y appraisal) discursive EU Figure1 General Model of Precautionary Risk Regulation EU,2003
10 EU EU ECB;Bruijn
11 Principle Principle Principle Approach
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13 Canada EPA 1999,2001,2003 EU ) ) EU ( ) l POPs m San Francisco (2003.3) n WHO EMF Project( ) o) WHO ) p) EU REACH Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals
14 Principle 15 In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
15 15 precautionary approach
16 NGO Precautionary Principle Precautionary Principle ( Single European Act(SEA) preventive action EC 1992, EU 1994
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18 Vorsorge 1984 BMI; ) Vorsorge Vorsorge Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen
19 Vorsorge Moltke precaution and foresight 1988 Precaution vorsorge vorsicht before-sight attention verhutung vorbengie Vorsorge preventive policy Moltke 1991 Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen
20 Draft TREATY ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE SECTION 5 ENVIRONMENT Article III Union policy on the environment shall contribute to pursuit of the following objectives:(a) preserving, protecting and improving the quality of the environment;(b) protecting human health;(c) prudent and rational utilisation of natural resources;(d) promoting measures at international level to deal with regional or worldwide environmental problems. 2. Union policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Union. It shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay. In this context, harmonisation measures answering environmental protection requirements shall include, where appropriate, a safeguard clause allowing Member States to take provisional steps, for non-economic environmental reasons, subject to a procedure of inspection by the Union.
21 2000COM (2000.2)
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24 EU 2000COM
25 John Graham; Administrator Office of Management and Budget Regulatory Forum The Heritage Foundation Washington, DC, October 20, 2003 The Peril of the Precautionary Principle:Lessons from The American and European Experience
26 - Wiener & Rogers,2002 EEA,2001 * Lamming Committee, **WHO/FAO
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29 1998
30 Commonwealth of Massachusetts House BILL No. 3140, 1997 Raffensperger & Tickner,1999,1999 quality standards the Principle of Precautionary Action PP
31 (product substitution), alternative methods (long-term policy option) Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (1989)
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