日本占領下の華北における中国回教総聯合会の設立と回民社会
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1 Journal of Asian and African Studies, No.87, 2014 日本占領下の華北における中国回教総聯合会の設立と回民社会 Foundation of the All China Muslim League and Muslim Society in North China under Japanese Occupation Toward a Case Study of the Ethnic Problems during the Sino-Japanese War ANDO, Junichiro In a few months after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, the Japanese Army rapidly came to occupy a huge area of North China and founded a puppet regime to keep the region under control. As an important part of the occupation policies, Japan made active effort to co-opt diverse peripheral social groups including the ethnic minorities. Local Chinese Muslims, the Hui or Hui-min ( ), became one of the main targets of this policy, since they formed virtually the largest non-han ethnic group in the region. The co-opting policy toward the North China Hui Muslims was promoted by the Shigekawa Agency ( ) commanded by the Japanese North China Area Army. And as the platform for the Muslim campaign, an official association called the Zhongguo Huijiao Zong Lianhe-hui ( : ZHL), or the All China Muslim League, was established in Beijing in February This article firstly traces the founding process of the ZHL, after reviewing two background contexts: the rise of a wide-ranging ethno-cultural movement in urban Hui Muslim societies all over China from the 1910s, and imperial Japan s discovery of Islam in China and the global Islamic world. Secondly, it investigates the ZHL s general structure and expected functions, and thirdly explores the reactions on the part of the local Muslims to the installation of a puppet ethnic association. Significant points are as follows. (A) The ZHL consisted hierarchically of one headquarter, five areal offices, and numerous basic branches. A branch was essentially intended to be set up in every single mosque, involving all the people of the Muslim community led by that mosque as regular members. Thus, the whole organization was designed to systematically integrate and represent the total Muslim population in the region, aiming to crystallize a distinct ethno-national polity of the Hujiao Minzu ( ), or Muslim-nation, and utilize it to create a foot- Keywords: Sino-Japanese War, North China, Muslim, collaboration, minority :
2 22 87 hold for the Japanese Army to advance into the northwest provinces where Muslim peoples accounted for a considerable portion of the inhabitants and where the Muslim warlords ( ) were holding power. (B) The Shigekawa Agency tightly controlled the ZHL through the Japanese and Manchurian Hui Muslim staff. Yet, its local organizations were constructed, from the very beginning, by largely taking over the existing Muslim institutions and leadership structures in Beijing, Tianjin, and other cities and counties, many of which were formed in the above-mentioned ethnocultural movement. Besides, crystallization of an ethno-national category covering all Muslims in China was precisely a part of the central agenda of this movement. (C) Therefore, in major urban areas, quite a few Hui Muslim elites and leaders somewhat willingly participated in the ZHL local organizations, not only looking towards their own interests, but also trying to practically use the functional framework of the association to protect Muslim communities and inherit the various socio-political, cultural, and religious projects of the preceding movement. And in rural areas where war atrocities and disorder were prevailing, the installation of ZHL branches was also often accepted by local Muslims as a strategy for survival. The discussion in this article shows that the ZHL was a site of complicated interactions between Japanese rulers and local Hui Muslims, rather than simply a literal puppet association as has been considered before. Further research on this topic will contribute to the study of the collaboration during the War, as well as the study of the ethnic problems in modern Chinese history (1) 3 (2) (1) 3 (2) 2
3 ( ) 1) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1)
4 ) cf et al. 3) ) 2) ) ) ( ) : Chap. 9 et al. 1930
5 25 5) ( ) 6) ( ) 1998, ( ) ) : Chap. 5; 1996: Chap. 10; 2002: Chap. 2 et al Matsumoto 2003; a 2009b ( 2009b a ) ) ( ) 2012: 23 ( ) 檔 ( ) ( )
6 ) 2000a, 2000b 2011 A B C D A D ( ) 8) HJ ZZB NB 1 NB 2 Ⅰ 7) 1999a; 1999b et al. 8) ( 2-4 )
7 27 1 9) 10) ( ) 11) ) ) ākhūnd ( ) 11) 2010
8 ( ) cf ) ibid. 13) 紇 紇 12) )
9 29 紇 1936: 30 ( ) 14) ( ) 15) 14) ( ) 產 15) et al.
10 ) ( ) ( ) 1990: et al. 17) ibid ; 1996: ) ) cf et al ) ) ) ( ) 2000: 70 19) ( )
11 31 20) ; 1990: ) 1990: ) ) ( ) 24) ) ) ) 23) 24)
12 : 94 4 cf. 1988; 2008 et al. 25) ) 2008; 2008; ) 25) 1910 ( ) 26) 2009 ibid. 27) 1
13 ; 2010 cf et al. 28) ) Ⅱ HJ 1-1: : ( ) ( ) ) : 137 et al. 29) 1988:
14 34 87 ibid ( ) ibid.; 1991: 71, 381 et al. 1982: 100; 1999: ; 2001: 91-93; 1996: 57 帮 30) 1996: ZZB 3-11: 15; NB 1: 26 9 ibid. ( ) 1938a( ZZB 4-1: 1-2) 31) ibid ) 1898 ( ) Kobayashi ) 2011
15 35 32) 10 ZZB 3-11: ) ibid. ( ) ZZB 3-11: 15; 3-12: : ) HJ 1-2: 49, 52, 64; NB 1: 26; 1992: 63 et al. ( ) ) 1927 cf ) 檔 ( ) ( J : 3) 34) 7 49 ZZB 3-12: 11-12
16 36 87 ( ) 1942: HJ 1-2: 53, 64 ( ) NB 1: 11 ibid.: ( ) 35) )
17 ) 2008: ; 2009: ) JACAR Ref: B ( ) ( ) 3 ( ) 5 38) 1988: ; 2009a: : 94 et al ( ) 39) JACAR Ref: B : ( ) 圑 36) JACAR Ref: B ( (JACAR) A ) JACAR 37) A JACAR Ref: B : ( I ) 38) 39) I
18 ibid.: ibid.: A B ( ) C D E F G H I J K L M ( ) ( ) N ( ) ( ) 40) 40)
19 39 ( ) 11 ibid.: Ⅲ : : cf. 1991: 209, a( ZZB 4-1: 1-2) 12 HJ 1-2: 33; 1938a( ZZB 4-2: 5) cf cf. 1988: ; 2009a
20 HJ 1-1: ) NB1: 39 ( ) 42) 1938a( ZZB 4-2: 5) 2 HJ 1-1: ( ) HJ 1-1: 33-50, 62 ibid.: HJ 1-2: ibid.: 34, HJ 1-2: ) et al. 42)
21 ibid. 19 ( ) ibid. ( ) ibid.: 25, 27 ( ) ibid HJ 1-1: 33 3 HJ 1-2: 7-8, 16 ( ) 43) ( ) ( ) 44) ibid ) ) ( ) HJ 1-1: 8
22 42 87 ibid.: 33-35; NB 1: 37 ibid NB 1: 37 ibid.: 51; HJ 1-4: OSS 1944: ) 5 (13 ) 4 46) NB1: 49 6 ibid.: HJ 1-4: ) HJ 1-5: 32 ( ) 3 HJ 1-2: ) cf. 1939: pt 3 Chap. 4 46) ( ) 47)
23 43 30 ibid. ( ) ( ) HJ 1-3: 62 ibid.: 64; OSS 1944: HJ 1-3: 47 ( ) 7 15 NB 1: HJ 1-5: ) 49) 48) B G 49) 1993; 2000; 2008 et al.
24 ) ( ) ( ) 51) : 1999a; 2008: 55-58; 2008; et al. 52) 4 53) ( ) ibid. Ⅳ 1 54) HJ 1-1: 5 50) 51) ) ( ) : 485 ibid.: ) )
25 45 55) ibid.: 39 56) 55) ( ) 娛 產 產 絕 內
26 ) ibid.: 7 ibid.: 13 HJ 1-2: 44 ( ) 58) 56) () 呢 57) () 58) ( ) 呢
27 ) HJ 1-3: 56 4 ( ) HJ 1-2: ) HJ 1-3: ) HJ 1-6: 42; 1-8: 65-68; 2-2: 70 辦 59) 60) ( ) 61) HJ 2-2: 70 et al. 4 ( ) 17 11
28 HJ 1-8: 67 ( H) 3 2 ( ) ( ) 62) JACAR Ref: B : 1-2 ( ) 62) 65
29 49 HJ 1-2: 6 ibid.: 29 63) HJ 1-3: 68-69; cf. 2000b 64) 65) HJ 1-6: 69 66) ( ) cf et al ) JACAR Ref: C ) 1988: ) ( ) 65) 66) JACAR Ref: C : 4 ( S ) 67) :
30 50 87 ( ) 68) cf. 2008: ) 1 1 ( 5 ) ( 4 ) 2 ( ) HJ 1-1: HJ 1-3: 45 9 HJ 1-6: ) 1932 ( 1928 ) ( ) 69) 1988: 489 JACAR Ref: C : 4
31 51 NB 2: 9 70) 2 HJ 1-1: 蔣 14 ibid.: ) HJ 1-3: NB 1: ( ) NB 1: 39; ( ) ) NB 1: 39; HJ 1-2: 33 ibid. 50 OSS 1944: HJ 1-1: 12 ibid. HJ 1-1: 13 70) 71) HJ 1-6: 40 72) 1935
32 NB 1: ) ( ) / ) 27 32
33 HJ 1-1: HJ 1-2: ( ) 2 ( ) 20 74) 2 ( 1938 ) JACAR Ref: B : ( ) 2 ( ) : ibid. et al. 74) 20
34 : ibid.: : ) 1938: ; cf. 2009: 126 ( ) : 89, 93 ibid.: ) ibid.: 96, 102, ibid.: 102 et al. 75) cf )
35 (1940 ) HJ 1-1: NB 1: 37 NB 2: HJ 1-3: NB 1: NB 1: 39 NB 2: HJ 1-3: : 66 ( ) HJ 1-3: : NB 1: NB 1: NB 1: HJ 1-4: NB 1: 51 NB 2: NB 1: 53 NB 2: HJ 1-2: 45 et al OSS 1944: 39 NB1: ( ) NB 2: NB 2: NB 2: NB 2: NB 2: 11 cf. 2008: ) JACAR Ref: B : 96, 102 cf. 1938; 1988: ) 77) I ) JACAR Ref: B : 12 ( 1939 )
36 cf. 1988: ( ) 1988: ( ) ( ) 79) 80) 1939 HJ 1-8: 75 79) 1938 HJ 1-3: 71; 1-4: )
37 57 81) JACAR Ref: B : ) ( ) ( ) 83) JACAR Ref: C : 710 () 84) Ⅵ 2 HJ 1-1: ) 3 HJ 1-1: b( ZZB 4-11/12: 3) ) I ) ( ) ) ) 85) 1944
38 ) NB 1: HJ 1-2: ( ) NB 1: 51 NB 1: 51 ( ) NB 1: 51 NB 1: 51 NB 1: 51 NB 1: 51 ( ) NB 1: 51 HJ 1-2: 56 HJ 1-2: 56 1 NB 1: HJ 1-2: 33 1 NB 1: 38 1 NB 1: 38 NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 NB 1: NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 NB 1: 53 ( ) HJ 1-2: ) ibid.: 54 5 ( ) ( ) (9 ) (10 ) HJ 1-4: 52; 1-7: 76 ( ) 88) HJ 1-7: 76 86) 87) 88) 110
39 59 ( ) ( ) 89) 4 JACAR Ref: C : 705 ( ) ( ) 2 HJ 1-2: ) ( ) ) 90) 2002
40 ) ( ) HJ 1-6: 47 ( ) HJ 1-8: HJ 1-2: 50 HJ 1-3: HJ 1-2: ( ) 92) 1936 et al. 91) 92)
41 HJ 1-1: 13-4 HJ 1-3: 75-6 ( ) ( ) 93) 94) 93) ( ) 內 絕 鄉 94) ( ) 鄉
42 62 87 ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) HJ 1-8: ( ) ( ) ibid.: 46 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) 96) 4 JACAR Ref: C : ibid. 5 95) : ) HJ 1-4: 65; HJ 1-6: 44-45
43 ( ) ( ) 51 ( ) ( ) Ⅶ 1
44 (Laymon Hoover) Asia Hoover 1938: ) 97) ( ) Muslim friends there told me that some of the Federation officers had allowed their names to be used because they saw no way to avoid it. Others were thought to be motivated by the desire to use this new power to raise the position of the Muslim community. A few were believed to cherish personal ambitions. One man told me in June: the Japanese tempt us by giving us much face. They offer to put us over non-muslims. In Kalgan their advance scouts posted signs on the doors of the homes and shops of Muslims
45 : ) 99) 2 forbidding Japanese troops to enter. We are told that these posters were obeyed. But most of us try to avoid the Japanese, only wishing to be left alone. I am not at liberty to tell many of the things that I learned in talks with trustworthy Muslim friends in North China which convince me that, for the present at least, the authority of the new Mohammedans Federation is even less secure or extensive than that of those Japanese-sponsored provisional or reformed régimes which cannot reach farther than Japanese cannon can shoot. It is significant that famous Muslim Normal School, Ch eng Ta, did not choose to remain in Peiping, but moved to Kwangsi, showing clearly with whom it preferred to face the future. I shall never forget one conversation at twilight with a mature and devoted Muslim whose integrity and judgment I leaned to prize years ago. Does one Muslim out of ten take the new federation seriously? I asked. Do you think we are as foolish a people as that? One out of a hundred? One out of a thousand would be more like it, he replied, and even then you must remember that what a man professes is often different from the meaning in his heart. It will not surprise me if in the end it turns out that the Japanese have been more useful to the Chinese Muslims than these much-coveted allies will be to the cause of Japanese domination in Asia. 98) cf. 2006: Chap. 6 et al. 99) : 173
46 66 87 HJ 1-1: ) ( ) 101) HJ 1-2: 43-4 ibid.: ( ) HJ 1-2: ) 100) 閡 101) 102)
47 67 HJ 1-2: 12 HJ 1-3: 30 HJ 1-6: 19 ( ) HJ 1-5: 25 ) HJ 1-6: HJ 1-2: 40 HJ 1-6: HJ 1-2: 51-53; 1-3: 71-74; 1-4: 50; 1-6: 47-49; 1-8: ) 5 103)
48 68 87 HJ 1-4: 47 ( ) HJ 1-2: 27-8, HJ 1-7: 69; ZZB 4-11/12: 42 et al. 104) 3 ( ) HJ 1-3: 53 ( ) NB 1: 42 HJ 1-3: 53 8 ( ) ( ) NB 1: ( ) 104)
49 69 105) HJ 1-7: 66 ( ) HJ 1-8: 47 ( ) ( ) 106) ( 1932 ) ( ) 105) 106) () 枵
50 NB 1: 93 ( ) Ⅷ 2 1 ( ) 149 HJ 1-2: 27-29, 61-62; 1-4: 62-65; 1-6: 43-45; 1-7: 74-75; NB1: 73-74; NB2: ) 107) NB 2: 4
51 坻 ( ) HJ 1-2: 49-51, : HJ 1-2: ) 2 108) JACAR Ref: C : 706
52 : et al. cf. Seybolt 2001 et al. ( ) 109) ( ) ( ) : 122 ( ) ( ) 109) 鬭
53 73 歧 110) ( ) ibid.: ( ) ( ) 1985: ( 110) ( ) 攏 歧
54 ) ( ) ( ) HJ 1-2: 49 1 HJ 1-1: 34
55 75 111) 112) ) : 121 ( ) ( ) ) JACAR Ref: C : : ) 112) HJ 1-2: ) ( ) ( ) 114)
56 76 87 JACAR Ref: C : ) 1985: 51 ( ) 116) ) ( ) 116) :
57 ) JACAR Ref: C : 26 ibid c.f a: 138 et al ) S
58
59 ) cf. Barrett ) ( ) HJ. NB 1 NB 2. ZZB (31-33): 5-32, (34-36): ( ) : (2): ( ) 1994 ( ) : 鬭 11: ( 2(10)) ( ) 1991 鬭 118) (David P Barrett) (Larry N Shyu) 2001 (Rana Mitter) (Timothy Brook) (2009 ) 119) 1995: ; 1998: ( ) ( )
60 (11) : ( ) ( ) 鬭 ( ) 鬭 11: (11) : ( ) ( ) 1993 ( ) : a 4(1): 1-2: 4(2): b 4-11/12: b : (1): : ( ) (10/11/12): (4): (11) : ( )1987 ( )2006 JACAR: Ref (12): ( ) ( ) (9): ( )2006 ( 3) ( ) : ( )1939 ( ) ( )
61 (6): ( ) ( ) : : a 53(5): b ( )48: a 14: b ( ) ( )52: ( ) (8/9): ( ) : ( ) (4) ( ) 35: a (5) ( ) 36: (1/2): (9): Ando, Junichiro( ) Japan s Hui-Muslim Campaigns ( )in China from the 1910 s to 1945: An Introductory Survey. 18(2): Barrett, David Introduction: Occupied China and the Limits of Accommodation. Chinese Collaboration with Japan, (Barrett and Shyu, eds.), Barrett, David and Larry Shyu. eds Chinese Collaboration with Japan, : The Limits of Accommodation. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Brook, Timothy and Bob T. Wakabayashi eds Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Brook, Timothy Collaboration: Japanese Agents and Local Elites in Wartime China. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Hoover, Laymon Chinese Muslims are Tough. Asia, 1938(12): Kobayashi, Motohiro( ) Drug Operations by Resident Japanese in Tianjin. Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan (Brook and Wakabayashi eds.), Lipman, Jonathan Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1997 Matsumoto, Masumi( ) Sino- Muslims Identity and Thoughts during the Anti-Japanese War: Impact of the Middle East on Islamic Revival and Reform in China. 18(2): OSS (Office of Strategic Service) Japanese Infiltration among Muslims in China, Research and Analysis No, Seybolt, Peter The War within a War: A Case Study of a County on the North China Plain. Chinese Collaboration with Japan, (Barrett and Shyu, eds.),
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