Vol. 52 No (Sep. 2011) 1 1 CPU Proposal of Effective Detection Method of VMM without Feature Database Kunio Miyamoto 1 and Hidehiko Tanak
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1 Vol. 52 No (Sep. 2011) 1 1 CPU Proposal of Effective Detection Method of VMM without Feature Database Kunio Miyamoto 1 and Hidehiko Tanaka 1 The software that is issued to be run on the real hardware can be run on the virtual machine monitor for full virtualization, and when running software on such a virtual machine monitor, any modification to the software is not needed. But there are some needs that some software must not be run on such an environment. Though many researches for detecting virtual machine environment exist, these ones use some feature databases for detection or are avoidable by some modification of virtual machine monitor or spend pretty much time to detect. In this paper, we propose a light weight and effective detection method of the underlying full-virtualized virtual machine monitor that don t use such feature databases but use the stability of CPU instruction execution performance value, and show the evaluation results ) CPU CPU 1 INSTITUTE of INFORMATION SECURITY 2602 c 2011 Information Processing Society of Japan
2 VMware Inc. VirtualBox 2) QEMU 3) Bochs 4) PearPC 5) PearPC Intel CPU PC Xen 6) LilyVM 7) 2.2 8) Garfinkel 9) 9) 3.2 VMware VMware 10),11) 1 Phatbot 12) VMware VMware VMware NIC NIC MAC VMware RedPill 13)
3 TLB CPU CPU1 TLB TLB Dongarra 14) CPU TLB CPU TLB CPU PAPI 15) Li 16) CPU CPU CPU1 TLB CPU TLB PAPI PAPI Linux Windows OS CPU TLB CPU TLB CPU CPU CPU PAPI CPU TLB CPU TLB 3.4 IA-32 17) Intel64 18) rdtsc Read Time Stamp Counter TSC Ferrie 19) TSC TSC TSC Raffetseder 20) IA-32 CPU Machine Specific Register MSR nop 21) CPU TSC 22) 3.5 8) ICMP ICMP Time Stamp IP Time Stamp Time Stamp ICMP Time Stamp ICMP Time Stamp Request Response 8) 50,000, ms 90%
4 ,000 2,200,000 1ms ,200 ICMP Time Stamp RFC792 23) RFC ) ICMP Timestamp Request ICMP Timestamp Reply Windows NT RFC ) OS 3.6 CPU CPU OS OS OS OS OS TSC ICMP OS ICMP ICMP Timestamp OS 4. rdtsc TSC Fig. 1 Overview of evaluating TSC value for detecting virtual machine monitor. 5.4 (1) rdtsc rdtsc 2 2 (2) (1) n rdtsc En(rdtsc) TSC En(before) TSC En(after) En(rdtsc) =En(before)+En(after) (1) 1 rdtsc TSC 2 rdtsc TSC E(measure) movl 2 E(movl) E 1 (after)+e(movl)+e2 (before) (1)
5 (1) 4.1 (2) OS 1 2 Fig. 2 Overview of virtual machine monitor detecting process. En(rdtsc) =En(after)+En(before) rdtsc n n +1 En(rdtsc) En + 1 (rdtsc) 2 TSC E(measure) E(measure) (2) E(rdtsc) rdtsc E(measure) =E 1 (after)+e(movl)+e 2 (before) E(rdtsc)+E(movl) (2) En(rdtsc)=En + 1 (rdtsc) E(measure) 1 4 rdtsc 2 mov 2 1 rdtsc cpuid 2 rdtsc movl CPU rdtsc OS IA-32 17) Intel64 18) CPU IntelVT 26) AMD-V 27) CPU IA-32 OS CPU HPET 28) / 2
6 2607 Linux I/O I/O I/O CPU I/O I/O I/O Linux I/O I/O 10 I/O read() Intel Pentium CPU TSC rdtsc Windows Linux OS CPU Sun Ultra SPARC 29),30) HP PA-RISC 31) CPU CPU CPU cpuid cpuid 2 rdtsc movl 5. rdtsc E(measure) 2 rdtsc 80483e8: 0f a2 cpuid 80483ea: 0f 31 rdtsc 80483ec: 89 d1 mov %edx,%ecx 80483ee: 89 c7 mov %eax,%edi 80483f0: 0f 31 rdtsc E(measure) Table 1 Evaluation environment. CPU PentiumM 1.7 GHz VirtualBox OS Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 OS Debian GNU/Linux 5.0
7 2608 Fig. 3 3 E(measure) Result of evaluating E(measure) on the real hardware. Fig. 5 5 Correlation of measurement count and musjudgement rate % 3 3/50000*100 = 0.006% 4 4/50000*100 = 0.008% 5 5/50000*100 = 0.01% % % % 5 4 E(measure) Fig. 4 Result of evaluating E(measure) on the virtual machine. 50, ,000 50, , % 0.508% 0.036% 0.002% /50000*100 = 0.002% ,000 2 Linux CPU 1% CPU 200 CPU 100% 1/3
8 2609 Table ,000 Misjudgement count of 50,000 times evaluation. n Fig. 6 Correlation of measurement count and musjudgement rate in the virtual machine monitor detection program. CPU UNIX OS CPU CPU (1) 2 651/50000 = 1.302% (2) 6 114/50000 = 0.228% 3/50000 = 0.006% (3) /50000 = 0.74% 3/50000 = 0.006% 4 245/50000 = 0.49% 3/50000 = 0.006%
9 Table 3 Evaluation environment 2. CPU PentiumM 1.7 GHz VMware Workstation OS Windows XP SP3 OS Debian GNU/Linux Table 4 Evaluation environment 3. CPU PentiumM 1.7 GHz QEMU OS Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 OS Debian GNU/Linux ,000 Table 5 Misjudgement count of 50,000 times evaluation. n , OS CPU rdtsc rdtsc TSC Ferrie 19) TSC Internal Timer rdtsc TSC Internal Timer VirtualBox 1 TMAllCpu.cpp uint64_t u64now = tmcputickgetrawvirtual(pvm, false \ /* don t check for pending timers */) - pvm->tm.s.u64tscoffset; pvm->tm.s.u64tscoffset VM TSC CPU TSC TMAll- Cpu.cpp rdtsc rdtsc TSC rdtsc rdtsc rdtsc rdtsc
10 2611 rdtsc ) % 1% 3.6 OS OS OS CPU OS OS CPU CPU 1) Mell, P. and Grance, T.: The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing (2009). 2) Watson, J.: VirtualBox: Bits and bytes masquerading as machines, Linux Journal, Vol.2008, No.166, p.1 (2008). 3) Bellard, F.: QEMU, a Fast and Portable Dynamic Translator (2005). 4) Lawton, K.P.: Bochs: A Portable PC Emulator for Unix/X, Linux J., p.7 (1996). 5) Biallas, S.: PearPC - PowerPC Architecture Emulator, available from 6) Barham, P., Dragovic, B., Fraser, K., Hand, S., Harris, T., Ho, A., Neugebauer, R., Pratt, I. and Warfield, A.: Xen and the art of virtualization (2003). 7) (2007). 8) Vol.50, No.8, pp (2009). 9) Garfinkel, T., Adams, K., Warfield, A. and Franklin, J.: Compatibility is Not Transparency: VMM Detection Myths and Realities, 11th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (2007). 10) Liske, T.: imvirt I m virtualized?, available from imvirt.html. 11) Jones, R.: virt-what detect if we are running in a virtual machine, available from
11 ) Phatbot, available from phatbot/. 13) Rutkowska, J.: Red Pill... or how to detect VMM using (almost) one CPU instruction (2004), available from 14) Dongarra, J., Moore, S., Mucci, P., Seymour, K. and You, H.: Accurate Cache and TLB Characterization Using Hardware Counters, ICCS 2004 (2004). 15) Dongarra, J., Jagode, H., Moore, S., Mucci, P., Ralph, J., Terpstra, D. and Weaver, V.: Performance Application Programming Interface, available from 16) Li, E. and Thomborson, C.: Data Cache Parameter Measurements, Proc IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (1998). 17) Intel Corporation: Intel Architecture Software Developer s Manual. 18) Intel Corporation: Intel R 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer s Manuals. 19) Ferrie, P.: Attacks on Virtual Machine Emulators, available from Machine Threats.pdf. 20) Raffetseder, T., Kruegel, C. and Kirda, E.: Detecting System Emulators, ISC 2007 (2007). 21) Rothman, M. and Zimmer, V.: DETECTING VIRTUALIZATION (2006). 22) Kang, M.G., Yin, H., Hanna, S., McCamant, S. and Song, D.: Emulating Emulation-Resistant Malware, VMSec 09 (2009). 23) Postel, J.: INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL (1981), available from 24) Braden, R.: Requirements for Internet Hosts Communication Layers (1989), available from 25) ICMP Time Stamp Not Supported (2003), available from microsoft.com/kb/ ) Intel Corporation: Software Developer s Manual Volume 3B: System Programming Guide, Part 2. 27) Advanced Micro Devices: AMD64 Architecture Programmer s Manual Volume 2: System Programming. 28) Intel Corporation: IA-PC HPET (High Precision Event Timers) Specification. 29) Oracle Corporation: STP1030 BGA UltraSPARC-II User s Manual. 30) SPARC International: The SPARC Architecture Manual, Version 9. 31) Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.: PA-RISC 1.1 Firmware Architecture Reference Specification. ( ) ( ) 1991 NTT OS OS ACM SIGGRAPH 99 Impact Paper Award IEEE Fellow
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