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1 Web20 ( ) Web20 1 / 55

2 (Wisdom of crowds, Collective intelligence) Diversity ( ) Independency ( ) Decentralization ( ) Aggregation ( ) Web Web 20 ( ) Web20 2 / 55

3 (Madness of crowds) (Collective madness) Charles Mackay Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, 1841 (Dumb) (Crasy) Henry David Thoreau (mass) Gustave Le Bon The Crowd:A Study of the Popular Mind, 1885 ( ) Web20 3 / 55

1841 (Dumb) (Crasy) Henry David Thoreau (mass) Gustave Le

4 The wisdom of crowds, Collective intelligence ( ) Coordination problem ( ) Cooperation problem ( ) Cognition problem ( ) Cognition problem (Wikipedia Cognition problem) Coordination problem, Cooperation problem ( ) ( ) Web20 4 / 55

5 Coordination problem The great equilibruim ( ) ( ) ( ) Web20 5 / 55

6 Cooperation problem Coordination Collectively rational( ) Ultimate Game: ( 1 ) 5 Public goods experiments (E Fehr and S G achter) 4 1 token 04 token 20 1 token 32 token (Collectively rational) 20 token 05 token ( ) Web20 6 / 55

(E Fehr and S G achter) 4 1 token 04 token 20 1 token 32

7 Cooperation problem Public goods experiments 70 80% 03token 1token ( ) cooperation cooperation ( ) ( ) Web20 7 / 55

8 Cognition problem (Collective madness ) ( ) Web20 8 / 55

9 ( ) Hazel Knight ( 72 ) Kate H Gordon 871 ( 850 ) 56 1 ( ) Web20 9 / 55

10 ( ) Normal L Johnson Collective solution ( ) ( ) ( ) AdaBoost ( ) ( ) ( ) Web20 10 / 55

11 ( ) Google 1998 Page Rank ( ) Iowa Election Markets (IEM) 1 137% Wikipedia ( ) ( ) Web20 11 / 55

12 ( ) Olds Motor Works (1903 ): ( ) Rockwell International: Thiokol Martin Marietta 1 3 6% Thiokol 12% 3 ( ) Web20 12 / 55

13 Douglas Richard Hofstadter (1979 ) Peter Russell (1983 ) (James Surowiecki, 2005 ) Bees algorithm, Cellular automaton, Civic intelligence, Collaborative filtering, Collaborative human interpreter, Collaborative innovation network, Collaborative intelligence, Collaborative software, Collective action, Collective consciousness, Collective decision-making, Collective effervescence, Collective memory, Connectivity (graph theory), Crowd psychology, Crowdsourcing, Customer engagement, Cybernetics, ( ) Web20 13 / 55

intelligence, Collaborative software, Collective action, Collective consciousness, Collective decision-making, Collective

14 Dispersed knowledge, Distributed cognition, Enterprise bookmarking, Global brain, Global Consciousness Project, Group behaviour, Group mind (science fiction), Facilitation (business), Facilitator, Human-based computation, Hundredth monkey effect, Information Routing Group, Keeping up with the Joneses, Knowledge ecosystem, Library, Library of Alexandria, Meme, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, Noosphere, Open-space meeting, Open source intelligence, Prediction Markets, Preference elicitation, Recommendation system, Smart mob, Social commerce, Social information processing, Stigmergy, Superorganism, Swarm Intelligence, Think tank, Wiki, Wikipedia ( ) Web20 14 / 55

Library, Library of Alexandria, Meme, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, Noosphere, Open-space meeting, Open source intelligence, Prediction Markets, Preference

15 Cognition problem (Diversity) (Independency) (Decentralization) (Aggregation) Collective madness ( ) Web20 15 / 55

16 (Diversity) (Scott Page) smart smart + not-so-smart smart smart different skill smart ( ) ( ) ( ) Web20 16 / 55

17 (Diversity) Smart : Warren Buffett 1960 S&P500 Diversity Diversity Diversity ( ) Diversity ( Diversity ) ( ) Web20 17 / 55

18 Information cascade ( ) (Imo) 2 3 Early adopters collective ( ) ( ) Web20 18 / 55

19 Information cascade 1,200feets 1990 IT Internet 10 (1996 ) Plank-road (1940 New York) NY 352 ( ) Web20 19 / 55

20 Groupthink Groupthink 1,200 CIA (Solomon Asch) 70% 5 45% 70% (No one ever got fired for buying IBM) ( ) Web20 20 / 55

21 (Independency) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( Independecy ) ( ) Web20 21 / 55

22 (Decentralization) 911 FBI, CIA, NSA ( ) ( ) Linux ( ) 1991 Linus Torvalds 10 ( Decentralization ) ( ) Web20 22 / 55

23 FutureMAP Prediction markets IEM Internal market Policy analysis market (2003 ) United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ( ) Web20 23 / 55

24 (Aggregation), Collective significance of information Web20 ( Aggregation ) Wiki ( ) Web20 24 / 55

25 Country Documents Citable docs Citations 1 United States 537, , ,608 2 China 392, , ,523 3 United Kingdom 152, , ,306 4 Germany 143, ,505 95,320 5 Japan 118, ,893 50,816 6 France 102,474 95,534 61,977 7 India 98,081 91,366 25, Malaysia 20,838 20,134 5, Thailand 10,824 10,213 3, Viet Nam 2,836 2,720 1, Philippines 1,405 1, ( ) Web20 25 / 55

26 Citation Collective significance Citation Citation or ICT ICT ICT ( ) ( Web 20 ) ( ) Web20 26 / 55

27 (Diversity) (Independency) (Decentralization) (Aggregation) Web 20 ( ) Web20 27 / 55

28 ARPANET (1969 ) UCLA UC ALOHAnet(ARPANET) (1981 ) JUNET (1984 ) WWW (World Wide Web) (Wavelength Division Muliplexing) ( ) Web20 28 / 55

29 World Wide Web (WWW) Tim Berners-Lee /9/30 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Hypertext Hypertext HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) Hypertext SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) <table border= 1 > <tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr> </table> ( ) Web20 29 / 55

30 Web WorldWideWeb Web (1991 ) HTTP NTTL Nexus Mosic (1993 ) : NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) Mosic Netscape Navigator (1994 ) Javascript (2005 ) Mozilla (1996 ) Netscape Firefox (2002 ) Internet explorer (Microsoft) Chrome (Google), Safiri (Apple), Opera : HTML5 ( ) Web20 30 / 55

31 URL URL Uniform Resource Locator Web http ( ) wwwidetitechacjp ( ) 80 (UDP TCP) /ja/indexphp Web ftp, rcs, svn ( ) Web20 31 / 55

32 HTTP HTTP html <head> </head> Cookie Web HTML MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) POST ( ) Web20 32 / 55

33 HTTP HTTP Apache IIS (Microsoft) HTTP 1 URL 2 DNS IP 3 (GET) Cookie 4 HTTP 5 HTML (GET) 6 HTTP css Javascript ( ) ( ) Web20 33 / 55

34 Web 20 Tim O Reilly (2005 ) Web : Web 20 : Web 20 (youtube) Javascript ( ) Web20 34 / 55

35 10% 90% SNS (Social Networking Service) ( ) Web20 35 / 55

36 Web 20, Amazon Mechanical Turk, Enterprise 20, EyeOS, FreedomBox, Gears, Gmail, Google, Lightbox, Mturk, Napster, Netvibes, OpenDNS, Pandora Radio, Pinterest, Rotten Tomatoes, Skype, WebSocket, Windows Live, Wuala, YouTube, Zend Framework, Zimbra, Ipernity, Employee Generated Media, Wiki, Wikimapia, Wikileaks, Wikipedia, 20 (2004 ),, Google, GUBA, Crunchyroll,, Confluence,,,, Stage6, SnapDish,,, So-net Photo, Tudou, Digg, Trippieace, BitTorrent, Furpeace, Facebook,,,, Flickr, Fring, Myspace,, MaYoMo, Meebo, Midomi,, Yahoo!, YouOS, Youku, Lastfm,, ( ) Web20 36 / 55

37 Web 20 LAMP (WAMP, MAMP) Linux (Windows, Macintosh) Apache : HTTP (IIS, Zope) MySQL : (MariaDB, PostgreSQL, Oracle, DB2) PHP : (Perl, Ruby, Python, Java, C) CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) Javascript ( ) SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) Wiki, Wikipedai ( ) CMS (Contents Management System) CMS SAapche+MySQL+PHP) e-commerce, e-education, e-government, ( ) Web20 37 / 55

38 MySQL (relational) (E F Cood, IBM, 1960 ) 2 ( ) ( ) Web20 38 / 55

39 SQL SQL ( Structured Query Language) (select) (update) (insert) (delete) (create, drop) : select usertblname from grouptbl,groupuser,usertbl where grouptblgid=groutusergid and groutuserpid=usertblpid and grouptblname= ( ) Web20 39 / 55

40 PHP Hypertext Preprocessor PHP 1 (GET, POST) 2 HTML PHP PHP (print ) form PHP $ GET $ POST MySQL ( ) Web20 40 / 55

41 CSS Cascading Style Sheets (Data Object Model) (Cascading) > > > > ID > > (html ) ( ) ID ID 1 html html <div> (division) <span> ID ( ) Web20 41 / 55

42 JavaScript Netscpe 2005 PHP Java Perl HTML (PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python) Java html DOM (Document Object Model) HTML ( ) ( ) Web20 42 / 55

43 Ajax Asynchronous JavaScript and XML 1999 Internet Explorer 5 XMLHttpRequest Javascript Google Map (2005 ) XML (extensible Markup Language) html DTD (Document Type Definition) xhtml, docx, xlsx XML (zip ) Ajax XML JQuery Ajax ( ) Web20 43 / 55

44 Wiki Ward Cunningham Wiki Wiki Web (1995 ) Wiki WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) PHP, Java, perl, ruby, C++ Wiki Wikipedia (2001 ) Wiki ( ) Web20 44 / 55

45 Wikipedia (Wikimedia) (Jim Giles, 2005 ) ( 65,000 ) 1 4,483, , ,769, , ,703, , ,615, , ,490, ( ) ( ) Web20 45 / 55

46 ( ) Web20 46 / 55

47 ( ) Web20 47 / 55

48 ( ) Web20 48 / 55

49 (1/2) ( ) Web20 49 / 55

50 (2/2) RSS is a family of web feed formats Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically Yahoo RSS 2009 ( ) ( ) Web20 50 / 55

51 ADAM Auxiliary Description to Attach Meaning XML ADAM LILITH LInguaL Interpreter To Human ADAM eva electronic Vocabulary Assistant ( ) Web20 51 / 55

52 ADAM ADAM them javascript PHP ( ) Web20 52 / 55

53 tobeml Text Oriented Bi-stream Explanation Markup Language XML board talk <board>, <talk> <definition>, <theorem>, <proof>, <question> <section>, <subsection>, <itmize>, <table>, <fig>, MathML board <target>, <point> <pause>, <nod>, <smile> ( ) Web20 53 / 55

54 Expositor tobeml Java Swing ( ) TreeTTS ( ) JEuclid ( ) ( ) Web20 54 / 55

55 Web Web 20, vs tobeml FEP (Front End Processor) ADAM ( ) Web20 55 / 55

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untitled IT IT IT IT 1 IT 2 Software as a Service (SaaS 3 ) IT SaaS 4 SaaS SaaS PC SaaS SaaS Web SaaS ID IT SaaS IT 1 2 3 Software as a Service ASP(Application Service Provider) SaaS 4 ASPIC SaaS SaaS SaaS SaaS