σ f n λ f λ f = 1 nσ f. (4.1) 2. E n, m 1 generation,t g v t g = λ f v = 1 (4.2) vnσ f E = 1 2 mv2 2E v = m t g = 1
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1 nuclear weapon , 1
2 σ f n λ f λ f = 1 nσ f. (4.1) 2. E n, m 1 generation,t g v t g = λ f v = 1 (4.2) vnσ f E = 1 2 mv2 2E v = m t g = 1 m nσ f 2E. (4.3) 2
3 3. t N(t) 1 f, l 1 {N(t) (f l) N(t)} (f l 1) x, dn(t) dt N(t)x t g N(t) = N 0 exp( xt t g ) (4.4) N 0 N(t) (t/t g n) (4.4) N(n g )=N 0 exp(xn g ) (4.5) 4. ρ =18.7g/cm 3, E = 2MeV 235 σ f =1.4 barn(1 barn = cm 2 ) n = 18.7g/cm3 ( )= cm 3, (4.6) 235g 1 λ f = ( /cm 3 ) ( cm 2 ) = cm, (4.7) 2E v = c mc =0.065c = cm/s, (4.8) cm t g = cm/s = s. (4.9) f =2.5,l=0.5 x = N(n g )=N 0 exp( n g ). (4.10) 5. s N(s) N 0 =1 N(s) e N(s) = e + e e s, = e(es 1), (e =2.718) (4.11) e 1 1kg 235 U 1kg 235g nuclei nuclei (4.12) 3
4 235 U 60kg 60kg 235 U s =60 N(s = 60) = (4.13) s =60 t explosion t explosion s 60 = s 0.46µs. (4.14) N(n g = 55) = exp(55) = , (4.15) N(n g = 56) = exp(56) = , (4.16) N(n g = 57) = exp(57) = , (4.17) N(n g = 58) = exp(58) = , (4.18) N(n g = 59) = exp(59) = , (4.19) N(n g = 60) = exp(60) = (4.20) 99.9% TNT 1 TNT critical mass
5 1 1: cm kg ( 1 1 f 1 (f 1) 1/(f 1) σ f r σ f r 1/(f 1) 5
6 n r cr σ f r cr n 1 f 1. (4.21) A ρ, N a r cr m cr r cr 1 nσ f (f 1) = A n a σ f (f 1)ρ, (4.22) m cr 4πr3 cr 3 ρ = 4π 3 ( A N a ) 3 1 σ 3 f (f 1)3 ρ 2 (4.23) 2 MeV U:ρ =19.04g/cm 3,f =2.5, σ f =1.4 barn r cr 9.76 cm, m cr 74.1 kg, (4.24) Pu:ρ =19.8g/cm 3,f =3.0, σ f =2.2 barn r cr 4.54 cm, m cr 7.8 kg, (4.25) 1, σ f f ; 1 6
7 (predetonation gun-burrel type m 1cm
8 initiator ( 210 Po) [ 9 Be(α, n) 12 C] [ 9 Be(γ,n) 8 Be] 1 2 [ 9 Be(n, 2n) 8 Be] implosion type) (α, n) 3. 8
9 tamper 235 kg Pu 100 5% hydronuclear experiment, HNE 4.5 ( ( ( TNT ) 1kton of TNT fission of 0.057kg of fissionable material (4.26) Fission of nuclei (4.27) joule (4.28) MeV. (4.29) 5 5.1,Hydrogen bomb, H-bomb) 2 1 D+3 1 T 4 2He+n+17.6 MeV : DT (5.30) 2 1 D+2 1 D 3 2He+n+3.27 MeV : DD (5.31) 3 1T+p+4.03 MeV : DD (5.32) 2 1T+ 3 1 T 4 2He + 2n MeV : TT (5.33) 3 9
10 LiD) 6 Li 6 3 Li + n 4 2 He +3 1 T+4.8 MeV : Li (5.34) 5.2 booster effect,
11 X F dirty bomb (saulting) ,dirty bomb 11
12 [ ] depleted uranium DU % 2. 50% 3. 5% 4. 10% % 12
13 fire storm (conflagration) [2] [3] 6.5 [4] 7 [1] S.Glasstone and P.J.Dollan,The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Unitetd States Department of Defence and Energy Resaerch and Development Administration, USA,1977 [2] latest Draft of Technology Trap New Edition Chap Chapter 7 Nuclear Physiscs [3] NCI President Lyman to Congress: Give priority to making today s nuclear plants safe from terrorists, not building new March 5,
14 [4] [5] 1996 [6] 1978 ) 14
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21 180 140 22 23 25 50 1 3 350 140 500cm 600 140 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1/12 8.3 1/15 6.7 10 1/8 12.5 1/20 140 90 75 150 60 150 10 30 15 35 2,000 30 32 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 % 100 50 33.3
23 1 Section ( ) ( ) ( 46 ) , 238( 235,238 U) 232( 232 Th) 40( 40 K, % ) (Rn) (Ra). 7( 7 Be) 14( 14 C) 22( 22 Na) (1 ) (2 ) 1 µ 2 4
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4 5 6 7 + 8 = ++ 9 + + + + ++ 10 + + 11 12 WS LC VA L WS = LC VA = LC L L VA = LC L VA L 13 i LC VA WS WS = LC = VA LC VA VA = VA α WS α = VA VA i WS = LC VA i t t+1 14 WS = α WS + WS α WS = WS WS WS =
56 4 2 log N ( t ) 1 0 0 t 1/2 τ m 2τ m time t 4.1: λ decay rate λ = 1 τ m (4.8) A B b Γ = h τ m = hλ (4.9) A B + b (4.10) Q Q = M(B)+M(b) M(A) (4.11)
4 4.1 t N(t) t t +dt dn(t) N(t) dn(t) = λn(t)dt (4.1) dn(t) dt = λn(t) (4.2) t =0 N 0 = N(0) 4.1 N(t) =N 0 e λt (4.3) log N(t) = log N 0 λt (4.4) mean life half-life t N(t) τ m =1/λ 1/e τ m 1/2 t 1/2 T
g g/cm3 g / cm3 g g g g/cm3 cm2 kv 
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V. M. S. V. 1 Contents of the lecture note by Prof. V. M. Byakov and Dr. S. V. Stepanov (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia) are described in a series of articles. The first article
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